竞争合作与学业成绩的关系：学业自我概念的中介作用

该研究旨在探讨学业自我概念对竞争合作与学业成就关系的影响。研究采用合作竞争态度量表、学业自我描述问卷对397名初中生进行调查。结果发现：1）竞争与学业成就间存在显著的正相关,竞争意识强者学业成绩越好;2）合作与学业成绩间不存在显著相关关系;3）学业自我概念在竞争与学业成绩之间起着完全中介作用。     

Gender differences in creative thinking revisited: Findings from analysis of variability

This study investigated gender differences in creativity among 985 schoolchildren (499 boys, 486 girls) by analyzing both means and variability. A relatively new creativity test, the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production (TCT-DP), was employed to gain a more refined understanding of gender differences in creativity using a gestalt approach. Whereas the results of analyses of means generally supported the Gender Similarities Hypothesis, the variability analyses tended to support the Greater Male Variability Hypothesis and the Gender Difference Hypothesis. Analyses of the TCT-DP subscales revealed that both genders have their relative strengths and weaknesses in creative thinking. Whereas girls outperformed boys in thoroughness of thinking, boys outperformed girls in boundary-breaking thinking. Variability analyses further showed that more boys clustered in the two extremes of the composite score. Significantly greater variability was found for males on five criteria of the TCT-DP. The educational implications of such a complex pattern of gender differences are discussed. With a view to searching for an explanation for gender differences, several lines of further research are proposed.     

Age and emotion affect how we look at a face: visual scan patterns differ for own-age versus other-age emotional faces

We investigated how age of faces and emotion expressed in faces affect young (n=30) and older (n=20) adults' visual inspection while viewing faces and judging their expressions. Overall, expression identification was better for young than older faces, suggesting that interpreting expressions in young faces is easier than in older faces, even for older participants. Moreover, there were age-group differences in misattributions of expressions, in that young participants were more likely to label disgusted faces as angry, whereas older adults were more likely to label angry faces as disgusted. In addition to effects of emotion expressed in faces, age of faces affected visual inspection of faces: Both young and older participants spent more time looking at own-age than other-age faces, with longer looking at own-age faces predicting better own-age expression identification. Thus, cues used in expression identification may shift as a function of emotion and age of faces, in interaction with age of participants.     

文化和情境影响亲属词的概念结构

以摩梭人和汉族的高中生为对象,采用自由分类法,考察在满月酒、结婚和吊唁情境的亲属词概念结构,揭示微观文化情境对亲属关系认知的影响以及与宏观文化情境的交互作用。结果发现:(1)在不同情境下,摩梭人和汉族人对亲属词的分类既有相同之处,又存在差异。两个民族都看重"亲属的亲密程度"和"辈分",但摩梭人还区分"照顾者/被照顾者",汉族人还考虑"性别"和"亲属关系的性质";(2)摩梭人对亲属词的分类体现了母系文化的特征,重视舅舅和外甥在亲属关系中的地位和作用;汉族人对亲属词的分类体现了汉文化的特征,重视媳妇和孙辈在亲属关系中的地位和作用。(3)亲属概念具有核心特征与情境依赖特征。文化和情境通过概念特征的激活和分类标准的采择影响对亲属词的分类。     

文化和情境影响亲属词的概念结构

以摩梭人和汉族的高中生为对象,采用自由分类法,考察在满月酒、结婚和吊唁情境的亲属词概念结构,揭示微观文化情境对亲属关系认知的影响以及与宏观文化情境的交互作用。结果发现:(1)在不同情境下,摩梭人和汉族人对亲属词的分类既有相同之处,又存在差异。两个民族都看重"亲属的亲密程度"和"辈分",但摩梭人还区分"照顾者/被照顾者",汉族人还考虑"性别"和"亲属关系的性质";(2)摩梭人对亲属词的分类体现了母系文化的特征,重视舅舅和外甥在亲属关系中的地位和作用;汉族人对亲属词的分类体现了汉文化的特征,重视媳妇和孙辈在亲属关系中的地位和作用。(3)亲属概念具有核心特征与情境依赖特征。文化和情境通过概念特征的激活和分类标准的采择影响对亲属词的分类。     

Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: Cognitive factors

This research investigated the cognitive correlates of false memories that are induced by the misinformation paradigm. A large sample of Chinese college students (N=436) participated in a misinformation procedure and also took a battery of cognitive tests. Results revealed sizable and systematic individual differences in false memory arising from exposure to misinformation. False memories were significantly and negatively correlated with measures of intelligence (measured with Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), perception (Motor-Free Visual Perception Test, Change Blindness, and Tone Discrimination), memory (Wechsler Memory Scales and 2-back Working Memory tasks), and face judgement (Face Recognition and Facial Expression Recognition). These findings suggest that people with relatively low intelligence and poor perceptual abilities might be more susceptible to the misinformation effect.     

论认知科学对文章阅读研究的影响

以信息加工为基本范式的当代认知科学极大地影响和深化了阅读心理的研究。本文结合国内外现有研究,首先回顾了文章阅读认知加工研究的发展历程,然后总结了当代认知科学对文章阅读心理研究的主要贡献之所在,并对在认知科学影响下该领域未来的发展趋势和方向进行了分析与展望。     

群体决策中的知识构建过程

群体决策作为管理活动的一个重要内容一直是许多学科研究的重点。在决策过程中,决策者如何利用、整合信息,从而修改其原有的认知模式,重新构建后续加工模式,即决策者在决策过程中如何进行知识构建越来越受到研究者的关注。该文从影响知识构建的因素、决策构建过程及决策绩效等方面考察了以往与群体决策中知识构建过程相关的研究,并总结了目前知识构建研究中使用的测量方法和指标     

儿童早期的动作发展对认知发展的作用

早期儿童与环境的相互作用通过动作来完成。儿童在与环境的相互作用过程中动作得到发展,与此同时也促进了认知发展。该文主要介绍了国内外的一些研究成果,阐述了爬行和手部动作对儿童认知发展的作用。发现儿童早期动作的发展是认知发展的外在表现,同时早期动作的发展也将促使儿童的认知发展不断高级化、复杂化。儿童通过爬行获得了运动经验,促进了感知觉的发展;而手部动作主要包括抓握动作和手势的发展,在儿童与环境的相互作用过程中则主要发挥着重要的中介作用。     

整体与部件表征在物体图形识别中的作用

研究通过三个实验探讨了物体表征及其对识别的影响,特别是整体与部件的关系。实验一主要研究物体整体与部件分别对物体识别的影响;实验二考察部件之间的相对距离、分割方式对物体识别的影响;实验三对自然分割和非自然分割的信息表征特点进行了进一步探讨。结果表明：（１）被试在识别被人为分成几个部分的图形时,可能运用心理操作将各部分“拼凑”起来,然后再进行识别。（２）对物体的表征是多元的,既可以通过整体特征达到对物体的识别,也可以通过局部特征识别物体。（３）部件的表征具有一定独立性,可以通过部分信息完形出整体,而不受物体熟悉度的影响。如果能够识别构成物体的部件以及确定其间的空间关系,就可以实现对物体整体的识别,但部件识别不是物体识别的绝对前提。