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101.
S. Alexander Haslam John C. Turner Penelope J. Oakes Craig McGarty Brett K. Hayes 《European journal of social psychology》1992,22(1):3-20
During the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf conflict an experiment was conducted with Australian university students (N = 200) to investigate whether the social stereotyping of Americans varied with social contextual manipulations related to the hostilities. The study, conducted in two phases at the start and end of the conflict, examined how the assignment of standard stereotypical traits to Americans was affected (a) by the large-scale social change constituted by the war and (b) by variation in the frame of reference provided by relevant comparison groups. The elicited stereotypes were sensitive to both of these contextual variables, demonstrating significant variation and fluidity. Overall, stereotypes of Americans were relatively negative. They were significantly more negative (a) at the end of the war than at the beginning in the restricted frame (when Australia and Britain were comparison groups) and (b) in the first phase of the conflict when the frame was extended to include Iraq as a comparison group. The findings were in line with expectations derived from self-categorization theory (Turner, 1985) that the social categorization of self and other into ingroup and outgroup is inherently variable, comparative and context-dependent. They question the long-held view of stereotypes as fixed, rigid and resistant to change. 相似文献
102.
M T Banich D L Karol 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1992,18(3):763-784
The 5 experiments in this article examine whether bihemispheric processing can be predicted from the processing observed when information is directed initially to just 1 hemisphere. Ss decided if laterally presented words rhymed with a previously presented central target. Trials varied in the degree to which the information displayed was redundant. On some trials, the same word appeared twice; in others, different words appeared, but they both led to the same decision; and finally, on some trials, different words appeared, each of which also led to a different decision. The patterns found for unilateral and bilateral trials were distinct. Furthermore, the pattern observed on bilateral trials could not be predicted from that found on unilateral trials, suggesting that interhemispheric interaction cannot be surmised from observing a hemisphere processing information in relative isolation. 相似文献
103.
On the transmission of partial information: inferences from movement-related brain potentials. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A Osman T R Bashore M G Coles E Donchin D E Meyer 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1992,18(1):217-232
Results are reported from a new paradigm that uses movement-related brain potentials to detect response preparation based on partial information. The paradigm uses a hybrid choice-reaction go/nogo procedure in which decisions about response hand and whether to respond are based on separate stimulus attributes. A lateral asymmetry in the movement-related brain potential was found on nogo trials without overt movement. The direction of this asymmetry depended primarily on the signaled response hand rather than on properties of the stimulus. When the asymmetry first appeared was influenced by the time required to select the signaled hand, and when it began to differ on go and nogo trials was influenced by the time to decide whether to respond. These findings indicate that both stimulus attributes were processed in parallel and that the asymmetry reflected preparation of the response hand that began before the go/nogo decision was completed. 相似文献
104.
Reports that the dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonists may facilitate memory led to the present study of the behavioral effects of nifedipine. Ninety-two 4-day-old male chicks received 0, 100 nM, 100 microM, or 10 mM nifedipine. Drugs were administered in volumes of 2 microliters into the fourth cerebral ventricle 5 min before training on a visual discrimination task. Nifedipine did not produce any detectable changes in behavior during acquisition trials. Retention, however, was impaired 24 h after training in the 100 nM and 100 microM nifedipine-treated chicks, which made significantly more errors than controls. Nifedipine did not affect the amount of time required to complete the task. No effects on body weight gain were detected, suggesting that the memory impairment was not due to a change in feeding behavior. These data are discussed in terms of the role of calcium-dependent processes in memory. 相似文献
105.
W Epstein T Babler S Bownds 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1992,18(2):503-511
The hypothesis that representation of projective shape is preattentive whereas representation of objective shape in three-dimensional space requires allocation of attention was tested in 2 visual search and 2 precuing experiments. In the visual search experiments, the slope for projective shape search was expected to approach 0 and that for objective shape search was expected to be a positive monotonic function of set size. In the precuing experiments, the effects of precuing were expected to be largely limited to the task requiring representation of objective shape. The overall pattern of results conformed to expectations. The findings are interpreted in the context of a model of shape-at-a-slant processing set out by Epstein and Lovitts (1985) and Epstein and Babler (1989, 1990). 相似文献
106.
According to a conditioning analysis of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (McCollough effect, ME), orientation stimulus (grids) become associated with color. Contrary to this interpretation are reports that simple forms cannot be used to elicit illusory color and that the ME is not degraded by decreasing the grid-color correlation. The present results indicate: (a) Form stimuli can contingently elicit color aftereffects; (b) even a non-patterned stimulus--the lightness of a frame surrounding a colored area--can contingently elicit color aftereffects; (c) this frame lightness-contingent aftereffect, like the ME, persists for at least 24 hr; and (d) the frame lightness-contingent aftereffect can be used to demonstrate that correlational manipulations affect the ME, as they affect other types of conditional responses. 相似文献
107.
M Tomonaga T Matsuzawa 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1992,106(1):43-52
In a conditional-discrimination task (matching-to-sample), we assessed similarities among figures consisting of 2 elemental figures through the choice reaction time, nonmetric multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis data from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). Humans also rated similarities among figures. The results of the 3 experiments clearly indicated that the reaction time data obtained from chimpanzees' performances were useful measures of the similarities among figures. The results suggested that chimpanzees and humans perceived the complex figures similarly. The outer-contour elements were perceived most dominantly by both species, and the straight-line elements were perceived least dominantly. Both species showed the same perceptual hierarchy or dominance among perceptual categories, as determined by the similarity of simple elements, on the basis of transformational invariances. 相似文献
108.
Much of the methodology in stress research focuses on stress manifestation and organismic reactions to life’s crises. In contrast,
the present study sought to identify the major sources of stress and the nature of those sources. The results revealed a consistent
pattern in high and low stressors throughout the 3-year period of the study, and differences only of intensity between males
and females, not type of stress. Except for individuals’ temporal variations in critical events, the highest stressors for
the groups were external, primarily financial and time management. Internal sources, such as personal relationships and self-absorption,
were typically the lowest concerns. Everyday problems arising from current life styles seem to be significant sources of stress. 相似文献
109.
The authors used a correlated motion paradigm to investigate the effects of aging and gender on motion sensitivity. In 2 experiments with a total of 50 elderly and 50 young subjects, motion thresholds were significantly higher for elderly women. The correlated motion signal, which was embedded in random motion, may have been coherent to subjects in much the same way a form is in Witkin's Embedded Figures Test (EFT). In Experiment 2, EFT scores were obtained. A significant positive relationship between motion thresholds and EFT performance was found within each age group. Although gender-related perceptual style differences may contribute to motion perception effects, the authors argue that a common neural factor contributes to performance on both the EFT and the correlated motion task. 相似文献
110.
Hayes LJ 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》1992,15(2):139-145
The present paper compares behavior-analytic and cognitive treatments of the concept of psychological history with regard to its role in current action. Both treatments take the position that the past bears some responsibility for the present, and are thereby obligated to find a means of actualizing the past in the present. Both do so by arguing that the past is brought to bear in the present via the organism. Although the arguments of the two positions differ on this issue, neither provides a complete account. An unconventional treatment of psychological history is proposed, the logic of which is exemplified in anthropological, biological, and psychological perspectives. The unconventional treatment in psychological perspective holds that (a) the organism's interaction with its environment, not the organism itself, changes with experience; and (b) the past interactions of an organism exist as, and only as, the present interactions of that organism. This solution to the problem of psychological history provides obligations and opportunities for analysis that are not available when the more conventional positions of cognitivism and behavior analysis are adopted. 相似文献