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171.
Angela Hayden Ramesh S. Bhatt Nicole Zieber Ashley Kangas 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(2):270-275
Adults process other-race faces differently than own-race faces. For instance, a single other-race face in an array of own-race
faces attracts Caucasians’ attention, but a single own-race face among other-race faces does not. This perceptual asymmetry
has been explained by the presence of an other-race feature in other-race faces and its absence in own-race faces; this difference is thought to underlie race-based differences
in face processing. We examined the developmental origins of this mechanism in two groups of Caucasian 9-month-olds. Infants
in the experimental group exhibited a preference for a pattern containing a single Asian face among seven Caucasian faces
over a pattern containing a single Caucasian face among seven Asian faces. This preference was not driven by the majority
of elements in the images, because a control group of infants failed to exhibit a preference between homogeneous patterns
containing eight Caucasian versus eight Asian faces. The results demonstrate that an other-race face among own-race faces
attracts infants’ attention but not vice versa. This perceptual asymmetry suggests that the other-race feature is available
to Caucasians by 9 months of age, thereby indicating that mechanisms of specialization in face processing originate early
in life. 相似文献
172.
Recent advances in data recording technology have given researchers new ways of collecting on-line and continuous data for
analyzing input-output systems. For example, continuous response digital interfaces are increasingly used in psychophysics.
The statistical problem related to these input-output systems reduces to linking time-varying covariates to a continuous response
variate. Using real-time data obtained from an experiment in psychoacoustics, we showcase new statistical tools that incorporate
dynamical elements of an input-output system. We employ functional data analysis (FDA) methods and a simple differential equation
to analyze and model the continuous responses. Furthermore, we outline the issues involved in analyzing input-output systems
when the exact form of the underlying mathematical model is not known. Finally, we develop a calibration method to facilitate
inter-subject and intra-subject comparisons.
This work was supported by grants from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) to J. O. Ramsay and
to D. J. Levitin, and by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) to D. J. Levitin.
We would like to thank Bennett Smith for designing and implementing the software used to conduct the pitch tracking experiment.
Also, we wish to thank the research assistants in the Levitin Laboratory involved in the data collection: Catherine Chapados,
Andrew Schaaf and Carla Himmelman. We would also like to acknowledge Giles Hooker’s work on implementing the generalized profiling
software used within this paper. 相似文献
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175.
Researchers have developed precursor functional analyses to provide an alternative, and presumably safer, format for functional analysis of severe problem behavior. When researchers use functional analysis contingencies for precursor behaviors, it is possible to infer functional characteristics about severe problem behaviors based on patterns of less severe precursor behaviors, permitting practitioners to complete the assessment with less risk to clients, practitioners, or others. The current paper discusses recent advances in the development and validation of precursor identification, and offers suggestions and future directions for investigating and implementing precursor functional analyses. We propose a decision‐making model, in which practitioners integrate procedures to identify precursors into the functional‐analysis process, to expedite the analysis of severe problem behaviors. 相似文献
176.
This study examined whether the implementation of Section 28 (S28) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act and the introduction of mandatory ground rules hearings reduced the complexity of the questions English lawyers asked when examining child witnesses. This study compared cases with (n = 43) and without (n = 43) the S28 special measures and involved children aged 6–15 testifying as alleged victims of sexual abuse. Defense lawyers' questions in the S28 condition comprised fewer words, clauses, false starts, multiple negatives, and temporal and numeric attributes than in the non‐S28 condition. When questioning younger children, lawyers used fewer words, clauses, references to “before/after,” and passive voice. These results demonstrated that S28 successfully reduced the complexity of the questions and that lawyers in both conditions partially adjusted the complexity of their questions to accommodate children's developmental capabilities. 相似文献
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179.
What children do on the Internet: domains visited and their relationship to socio-demographic characteristics and academic performance. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Linda A Jackson Ricky Samona Jeff Moomaw Lauren Ramsay Christopher Murray Amy Smith Lindsay Murray 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2007,10(2):182-190
HomeNetToo is a longitudinal field study designed to examine the antecedents and consequences of home Internet use in low-income families. Participants included 140 children, mostly 13-year-old African American (83%) boys (58%), living in single-parent households (75%) where the median annual income was $15,000 (USD). This report focuses on children's Internet activities, socio-demographic characteristics related to their Internet activities, and the relationship between academic performance and Internet activities. Overall, findings indicate that low-income children initially use the Internet primarily for entertainment. As home Internet use loses its novelty children become more focused in their Internet activities, reducing the number of websites they visit and visiting more websites targeted to their specific interests. Pornography websites are popular initially, especially among boys, but their popularity decreases dramatically after 3 months. Age, race, and sex have little influence on which websites are most popular. Academic performance predicts subsequent Internet activities, and Internet activities predict subsequent academic performance. Directions for future research to identify mechanisms that mediate the relationship between Internet activities and academic performance and implications for the digital divide are discussed. 相似文献
180.
A reexamination of ethnicity as a risk factor for adolescent suicidal behavior, focusing on whether Mexican American youths are at increased risk, was undertaken. Data from a sample of 4,175 African, European, and Mexican Americans, aged 11-17, are presented. We examined lifetime attempts and past year attempts, thoughts, and plans. Odds ratios, adjusting for covariates, indicate no differences between European and Mexican Americans on past year thoughts, plans, or attempts or lifetime attempts. Although some studies have reported Mexican American youths are at increased risk, we did not find any differences. Possible explanations for disparate results across studies are discussed, in particular methods effects. 相似文献