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81.
Determining how both humans and animals make decisions in risky situations is a central problem in economics, experimental
psychology, behavioral economics, and neurobiology. Typically, humans are risk seeking for gains and risk averse for losses,
while animals may display a variety of preferences under risk depending on, amongst other factors, internal state. Such differences
in behavior may reflect major cognitive and cultural differences or they may reflect differences in the way risk sensitivity
is probed in humans and animals. Notably, in most studies humans make one or a few choices amongst hypothetical or real monetary
options, while animals make dozens of repeated choices amongst options offering primary rewards like food or drink. To address
this issue, we probed risk-sensitive decision making in human participants using a paradigm modeled on animal studies, in
which rewards were either small squirts of Gatorade or small amounts of real money. Possible outcomes and their probabilities
were not made explicit in either case. We found that individual patterns of decision making were strikingly similar for both
juice and for money, both in overall risk preferences and in trial-to-trial effects of reward outcome on choice. Comparison
with decisions made by monkeys for juice in a similar task revealed highly similar gambling styles. These results unite known
patterns of risk-sensitive decision making in human and nonhuman primates and suggest that factors such as the way a decision
is framed or internal state may underlie observed variation in risk preferences between and within species. 相似文献
82.
What does philosophy have to say about the argument that blasphemous art ought not to be publicly displayed? We examine four concepts of blasphemy: blasphemy as offence, attack on religion, attack on the sacred, attack on the blasphemer himself. We argue all four are needed to grasp this complex concept. We also argue for blasphemy as primarily a moral, not a religious concept. We then criticise four arguments for the public display of blasphemous art: it may be beautiful, provocative, devoutly intended, and is autonomous of religious concerns. Finally, we discuss the notions of blasphemy and blasphemous art as public offences. We conclude that the display of blasphemous art is a public, and not merely a private moral offence, and that there are respectable philosophical arguments for this conclusion. 相似文献
83.
84.
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences - In this paper I develop a novel account of the phenomenality of language by focusing on characteristics of perceived speech. I explore the extent to which... 相似文献
85.
86.
Alistair Kee 《Reviews in Religion & Theology》2006,13(3):308-310
Book reviewed:
The Gospel of Faith and Justice , Antonio González, Orbis Books 2005 (1-57075-611-2), xii + 179 pp., pb $24.00 相似文献
The Gospel of Faith and Justice , Antonio González, Orbis Books 2005 (1-57075-611-2), xii + 179 pp., pb $24.00 相似文献
87.
Dual task procedures were used to examine hemispheric specialization for nonmanual block design activities. College subjects performed a finger-tapping task with each hand; on some trials concurrent WISC block design solutions were required. Patterns of lateralized interference in tapping under dual-task conditions indicated more left- than right-hemispheric involvement for males, while more bilateral involvement was shown for females. 相似文献
88.
Tyler Cash-Padgett Habiba Azab Seng Bum Michael Yoo Benjamin Y. Hayden 《Animal cognition》2018,21(5):671-684
Previous studies have shown that the pupils dilate more in anticipation of larger rewards. This finding raises the possibility of a more general association between reward amount and pupil size. We tested this idea by characterizing macaque pupil responses to offered rewards during evaluation and comparison in a binary choice task. To control attention, we made use of a design in which offers occurred in sequence. By looking at pupil responses after choice but before reward, we confirmed the previously observed positive association between pupil size and anticipated reward values. Surprisingly, however, we find that pupil size is negatively correlated with the value of offered gambles before choice, during both evaluation and comparison stages of the task. These results demonstrate a functional distinction between offered and anticipated rewards and present evidence against a narrow version of the simulation hypothesis; the idea that we represent offers by reactivating states associated with anticipating them. They also suggest that pupil size is correlated with relative, not absolute, values of offers, suggestive of an accept–reject model of comparison. 相似文献
89.
90.
Hayden T Perantie DC Nix BD Barnes LD Mostello DJ Holcomb WL Svrakic DM Scherrer JF Lustman PJ Hershey T 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2012,19(3):285-292
Whether and how the co-occurrence of depression and diabetes in pregnancy may worsen infant development has not been reported. Pregnant women with diabetes and with (n?=?34) or without (n?=?34) major depressive disorder (MDD) were followed during pregnancy and 6-months postpartum. The MDD subset received randomly assigned treatment with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or supportive counseling (SC). Depression severity was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); infant developmental outcomes were measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) and its Behavior Rating Scale (BRS). Infants of women with MDD had lower BRS scores (p?=?.02). Reduction in depression scores was associated with better infant outcomes on the BSID and BRS (p values <.03). These preliminary findings suggest depression occurring in pregnant women with diabetes is associated with poorer infant development and improvement in prepartum depression is associated with improvement in measures of infant development. 相似文献