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Haya Blachstein 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2016,23(2):133-153
Previous studies on the acquisition process of verbal material, conducted separately on child and adult populations, reveal that the lifespan is characterized by an inverted-U performance curve with similar achievements at its two poles. To clarify the acquisition mechanism across the entire lifespan, the learning curve for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test was reproduced for participants aged 8–91. The study utilized typical trial summary scores and a more refined analysis of trial-by-trial single-word recalls, including omissions (missed words that were previously recalled), additions (recalled words previously missed), and touched words (a count for the first recall time only, for each word during the five learning trial). A clear age effect was shown for the number of words recalled – symmetrically increases during childhood and decreases in adulthood. Similarly, increased turnover of words omitted and added characterized both incremental and decremental age differences. Measurement patterns differed for the age segments on the two sides of the lifespan, despite the similar total number of words recalled by the two sides. Acquisition pattern in children was characterized by a higher number of touched words and higher turnover than for adult groups. In contrast, older adults achieved fewer touched words and lower turnover than the child groups. This study shows that it is possible to reach the same quantitative results via different cognitive processes. The results are interpreted in terms of specific mechanisms of maturational characteristics. 相似文献
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Deanna J. Greene Eric Mooshagian Jonas T. Kaplan Eran Zaidel Marco Iacoboni 《Psychological research》2009,73(4):499-511
Previous evidence suggests that directional social cues (e.g., eye gaze) cause automatic shifts in attention toward gaze direction.
It has been proposed that automatic attentional orienting driven by social cues (social orienting) involves a different neural
network from automatic orienting driven by nonsocial cues. However, previous neuroimaging studies on social orienting have
only compared gaze cues to symbolic cues, which typically engage top-down mechanisms. Therefore, we directly compared the
neural activity involved in social orienting to that involved in purely automatic nonsocial orienting. Twenty participants
performed a spatial cueing task consisting of social (gaze) cues and automatic nonsocial (peripheral squares) cues presented
at short and long stimulus (cue-to-target) onset asynchronies (SOA), while undergoing fMRI. Behaviorally, a facilitation effect
was found for both cue types at the short SOA, while an inhibitory effect (inhibition of return: IOR) was found only for nonsocial
cues at the long SOA. Imaging results demonstrated that social and nonsocial cues recruited a largely overlapping fronto-parietal
network. In addition, social cueing evoked greater activity in occipito-temporal regions at both SOAs, while nonsocial cueing
recruited greater subcortical activity, but only for the long SOA (when IOR was found). A control experiment, including central
arrow cues, confirmed that the occipito-temporal activity was at least in part due to the social nature of the cue and not
simply to the location of presentation (central vs. peripheral). These results suggest an evolutionary trajectory for automatic
orienting, from predominantly subcortical mechanisms for nonsocial orienting to predominantly cortical mechanisms for social
orienting. 相似文献
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Preschool children enrolled in same- and mixed-age day care classrooms were observed during free play to examine patterns of social and play behavior. In mixed-age rooms, there was more interactive-functional play, for both older and younger children, more dramatic play and negative interactions for younger children, and a tendency for older children to be onlookers. In the same-age rooms, there was more conversation and more parallel-functional interaction for both older and younger children. While previous research has emphasized the benefits of mixed-age rooms, the current research indicates that some costs may also be involved. 相似文献
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