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1.
Strand MT Hawk LW Bubnik M Shiels K Pelham WE Waxmonsky JG 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(7):1193-1207
Working memory (WM) is considered a core deficit in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with numerous studies demonstrating impaired WM among children with ADHD. We tested the degree to which WM in children with ADHD was improved by performance-based incentives, an analog of behavioral intervention. In two studies, WM performance was assessed using a visuo-spatial n-back task. Study 1 compared children (ages 9-12?years) with ADHD-Combined type (n?=?24) to a group of typically developing (TD) children (n?=?32). Study 1 replicated WM deficits among children with ADHD. Incentives improved WM, particularly among children with ADHD. The provision of incentives reduced the ADHD-control group difference by approximately half but did not normalize WM. Study 2 examined the separate and combined effects of incentives and stimulant medication among 17 children with ADHD-Combined type. Both incentives and a moderate dose of long-acting methylphenidate (MPH; ~0.3?mg/kg t.i.d. equivalent) robustly improved WM relative to the no-incentive, placebo condition. The combination of incentives and medication improved WM significantly more than either incentives or MPH alone. These studies indicate that contingencies markedly improve WM among children with ADHD-Combined type, with effect sizes comparable to a moderate dose of stimulant medication. More broadly, this work calls attention to the role of motivation in studying cognitive deficits in ADHD and in testing multifactorial models of ADHD. 相似文献
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Journal of Child and Family Studies - Helicopter Parenting (HP) refers to parenting behaviors such as overinvolvement and developmentally inappropriate support during late adolescence and emerging... 相似文献
3.
The Pd, K and L scales of the MMPI and four of Kolberg's Moral Judgment Situations were administered to three criterion groups; adolescent delinquents, college students, and individuals belonging to a therapy collective which provides free community service. Greater than 50% of both the delinquent and therapy collective subjects were classified as psychopathic, (Pd + K T score > 70). The three subject groups obtained significantly different moral maturity scores with the therapy collective subjects receiving the highest moral maturity mean score. The results of two stepwise regression analyses found no relationship between Pd scores and moral maturity scores. 相似文献
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Behavior problems reported by parents on the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001) were studied in 316 children adopted from social-emotionally depriving Russian institutions as a function of age at adoption (18-month cutoff), age at assessment (6-11 and 12-18 years), and gender. Children adopted after 18 months had higher problem scores predominately when assessed at 12-18 years. Although most children had no behavior problems, 59.0% of later adoptees assessed in adolescence had at least 1 subscale score and 48.7% had 2 or more subscale scores in the clinical/borderline range. A factor analysis of items that significantly related to age at adoption for older children revealed 1 broad factor, encompassing different antisocial behaviors, social difficulties, and withdrawal. These results may suggest a somewhat broader deficiency produced by orphanage experience beyond the first 18 months of life that underlies a range of behavioral problems displayed later. 相似文献
6.
With the increase in international adoptions during the last decade, many researchers have investigated the developmental
outcomes of these adoptees, including their extreme behaviors. Collectively, these results have not always appeared consistent
across studies, perhaps because studies have used children reared in institutions or not, the institutional environments vary
in severity, children spend different lengths of time in the institution and are assessed at different ages, and studies use
different outcome measures. In an attempt to discern more order in the literature, this review focuses on 18 studies, each
of which used the Child Behavior Checklist, and their outcomes are viewed with respect to these parameters. Results suggest
that the major factor contributing to extreme behaviors is age at adoption, with those adopted after 6/18 months having more
behavior problems, especially Internalizing, Externalizing, and Attention problems. Generally, samples of post-institutional
children have more problems than samples of mixed or non-institutional internationally adopted children, and some problems
are more likely to be manifest in adolescence, suggesting the effects of deficient early experiences are not simply the persistence
of learned behavior but more general dispositions that become more noticeable or severe during adolescence. Findings are discussed
in terms of early deficient social–emotional caregiver–child interactions that characterize most institutional environments
as a possible major cause of later difficulties in post-institutionalized children. 相似文献
7.
Shiels K Hawk LW Lysczek CL Tannock R Pelham WE Spencer SV Gangloff BP Waschbusch DA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(6):903-913
Working memory is one of several putative core neurocognitive processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The present work seeks to determine whether visual–spatial working memory is sensitive to motivational incentives, a laboratory
analogue of behavioral treatment. Participants were 21 children (ages 7–10) with a diagnosis of ADHD-combined type. Participants
completed a computerized spatial span task designed to assess storage of visual–spatial information (forward span) and manipulation
of the stored information (backward span). The spatial span task was completed twice on the same day, once with a performance-based
incentive (trial-wise feedback and points redeemable for prizes) and once without incentives. Participants performed significantly
better on the backward span when rewarded for correct responses, compared to the no incentive condition. However, incentives
had no effect on performance during the forward span. These findings may suggest the use of motivational incentives improved
manipulation, but not storage, of visual–spatial information among children with ADHD. Possible explanations for the differential
incentive effects are discussed, including the possibility that incentives prevented a vigilance decrement as task difficulty
and time on task increased. 相似文献
8.
Empathic responding may be elicited by different processes, depending on the available situational and affective cues. We investigated two such processes, perspective-taking and nonverbal mimicry. In Study 1, participants watched an embarrassed or unembarrassed confederate dancing to music while either remaining objective or engaging in perspective-taking. Both manipulations affected empathic embarrassment. Study 2 further examined the effects of targets' embarrassment displays and observers' prior experience with the situation upon spontaneous perspective-taking, expressive mimicry, and empathic embarrassment. Embarrassment displays increased mimicry, but also spontaneous perspective-taking and subsequent empathy. Prior experience moderated the effects of embarrassment displays on perspective-taking and empathy. Path analyses demonstrated that embarrassment displays exerted indirect effects on empathic embarrassment through both perspective-taking and mimicry. The results suggest that available affective and situational cues can activate different routes to empathy, and highlight the value of simultaneously investigating target- and observer-based sources of influence. 相似文献
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We report two studies validating a new standardized set of filmed emotion expressions, the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES). The ADFES is distinct from existing datasets in that it includes a face-forward version and two different head-turning versions (faces turning toward and away from viewers), North-European as well as Mediterranean models (male and female), and nine discrete emotions (joy, anger, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust, contempt, pride, and embarrassment). Study 1 showed that the ADFES received excellent recognition scores. Recognition was affected by social categorization of the model: displays of North-European models were better recognized by Dutch participants, suggesting an ingroup advantage. Head-turning did not affect recognition accuracy. Study 2 showed that participants more strongly perceived themselves to be the cause of the other's emotion when the model's face turned toward the respondents. The ADFES provides new avenues for research on emotion expression and is available for researchers upon request. 相似文献
10.
Pairing a Pavlovian safety signal (CS—) with a response prevention period was contrasted with other response prevention procedures to determine relative effectiveness for the elimination of learned avoidance behavior. After acquiring a one-way avoidance response, five groups of ten rats received various blocking or control treatments and were then compared on extinction performance. The four blocking treatments included blocking paired with a safety signal; blocking only; blocking paired with a novel stimulus; and blocking paired with a preexposed noncontingent tone. The fifth group served as a handling control. Compared to the handling control, all four blocking groups reached extinction criterion in fewer trials. Further, the safety signal group extinguished faster than the blocking only group or the blocking with noncontingent tone group. Results were viewed as an indication of the potential efficacy of pairing-conditioned fear-inhibiting cues with response prevention procedures for the elimination of fear-motivated behavior. Implications for behavioral therapy techniques were discussed. 相似文献