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21.
Noriko Nitta Yohta Aizawa Tokiya Hasegawa Hidehiro Yasuda 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(10):676-681
Structural changes in GaSb (001) thin films upon low-energy electron (125?keV) irradiation have been studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy. No structural changes were observed for irradiation at room temperature. However, in a sample irradiated at 473?K domains of {110} variant, rotated 90° from each other, were formed in the matrix. The average diameter of the domains was approximately 18?nm in the sample irradiated to a fluence of 4.8?×?1024?electrons/m2. It is considered that the domains are pseudo-{110} planes in the matrix formed by electron-irradiation-induced Shockley partial dislocations. 相似文献
22.
Karen Potter Powell Lianne Hasegawa Kirsty McWalter 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(6):593-605
According to the 2008 National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) Professional Status Survey (PSS), 31 genetic counselor
respondents reported spending at least 50% of their time in the area of public health. The NSGC Public Health Special Interest
Group (PHSIG) had 49 dues-paying members in 2009. The purpose of this study was to identify the work settings and public health
activities in which genetic counselors participate. A novel online survey was disseminated over the NSGC PHSIG Listserv. Forty-one
percent (n = 13) of public health genetic counselor respondents worked in a university medical system, while 53% (n = 17) were grant-funded and held a non-clinical appointment. The most common public health activities included educating
healthcare professionals (82%) and community members (61%), research (55%), grant writing (55%) and grant administration (36%).
Most respondents (82%) reported learning certain public health skills outside of their genetic counseling training programs.
Differences in work settings were found, with a significantly greater percentage of public health genetic counselors working
in government agencies. Genetic counselors have opportunities to become involved in public health activities as the scope
of public health genetics grows. Furthermore, genetic counseling competencies are compatible with the Institute of Medicine’s
“10 Essential Public Health Services.” The NSGC and genetic counseling training programs are encouraged to offer more public
health learning opportunities for genetic counselors and genetic counseling students interested in this specialty area. 相似文献
23.
Akira Hasegawa Yoshihiko Kunisato Hiroshi Morimoto Haruki Nishimura Yuko Matsuda 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2018,36(1):28-46
In order to examine how rumination and social problem solving intensify depression, the present study investigated longitudinal associations among each dimension of rumination and social problem solving and evaluated aspects of these constructs that predicted subsequent depression. A three-wave longitudinal study, with an interval of 4 weeks between waves, was conducted. Japanese university students completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Ruminative Responses Scale, Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised Short Version, and Interpersonal Stress Event Scale on three occasions 4 weeks apart (n = 284 at Time 1, 198 at Time 2, 165 at Time 3). Linear mixed models were analyzed to test whether each variable predicted subsequent depression, rumination, and each dimension of social problem solving. Rumination and negative problem orientation demonstrated a mutually enhancing relationship. Because these two variables were not associated with interpersonal conflict during the subsequent 4 weeks, rumination and negative problem orientation appear to strengthen each other without environmental change. Rumination and impulsivity/carelessness style were associated with subsequent depressive symptoms, after controlling for the effect of initial depression. Because rumination and impulsivity/carelessness style were not concurrently and longitudinally associated with each other, rumination and impulsive/careless problem solving style appear to be independent processes that serve to intensify depression. 相似文献
24.
This study investigated whether Asian elephants can make relative quantity judgment (RQJ), a dichotomous judgment of unequal
quantities ordered in magnitude. In Experiment 1, elephants were simultaneously shown two baskets with differing quantities
of bait (up to 6 items). In Experiment 2, elephants were sequentially presented with baits, which could not be seen by elephants
in their total quantities. The task of elephants was to choose the larger quantity in both experiments. Results showed that
the elephants chose the larger quantity with significantly greater frequency. Interestingly, the elephants did not exhibit
disparity or magnitude effects, in which performance declines with a smaller difference between quantities in a two-choice
task, or the total quantity increases, respectively. These findings appear to be inconsistent with the previous reports of
RQJ in other animals, suggesting that elephants may be using a different mechanism to compare and represent quantities than
previously suggested for other species. 相似文献
25.
The present study explores to what extent Asian elephants show “means–end” behavior. We used captive Asian elephants (N = 2) to conduct four variations of the Piagetian “support” problem, which involves a goal object that is out of reach, but
rests on a support within reach. In the first condition, elephants were simultaneously presented with two identical trays
serving as the “support”, with the bait on one tray and the other tray left empty. In the next two conditions, the bait was
placed on one tray, while additional bait was placed beside the other tray. In the last condition, both trays contained bait,
but one of the trays had a small gap which prevented the elephants from reaching the reward. Subjects were required to choose
and pull either tray with their trunk and to obtain the bait (i.e. goal). Results showed that one elephant performed all of
the support problems significantly above chance after several sessions, suggesting that the elephant was capable of understanding
that pulling the tray was the “means” for achieving the “end” of obtaining the bait. This study showed that elephants show
means–end behavior when subjected to a Piagetian “support” task, and indicates that such goal-directed behavior occurs in
species other than primates. 相似文献
26.
Animal Cognition - A face-to-face “opening phase” in human interaction serves as a platform for the interactants to initiate and manage their interaction collaboratively. This study... 相似文献
27.
Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive declines in old (healthy) animals could arise from depression of intracortical inhibition, for which a decreased ability to produce GABA during senescence might be responsible. By simulating a neural network model of a primary visual cortical (V1) area, we investigated whether and how a lack of GABA affects cognitive performance of the network: detection of the orientation of a visual bar-stimulus. The network was composed of pyramidal (P) cells and GABAergic interneurons such as small (S) and large (L) basket cells. Intrasynaptic GABA-release from presynaptic S or L cells contributed to reducing ongoing-spontaneous (background) neuronal activity in a different manner. Namely, the former exerted feedback (S-to-P) inhibition and reduced the frequency (firing rate) of action potentials evoked in P cells. The latter reduced the number of saliently firing P cells through lateral (L-to-P) inhibition. Non-vesicular GABA-release, presumably from glia and/or neurons, into the extracellular space reduced the both, activating extrasynaptic GABAa receptors and providing P cells with tonic inhibitory currents. By this combinatorial, spatiotemporal inhibitory mechanism, the background activity as noise was significantly reduced, compared to the stimulus-evoked activity as signal, thereby improving signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. Interestingly, GABA-spillover from the intrasynaptic cleft into the extracellular space was effective for improving orientation selectivity (orientation bias), especially when distractors interfered with detecting the bar-stimulus. These simulation results may provide some insight into how the depression of intracortical inhibition due to a reduction in GABA content in the brain leads to age-related cognitive decline. 相似文献
28.
Toshihiko Souma Mitsuhiro Ura Chikae Isobe Koji Hasegawa Akiko Morita 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2008,11(1):67-74
The authors examined the use of social surrogates by shy people to expand their social network when entering a new environment, following Bradshaw's social surrogate hypothesis. The authors conducted a panel survey of 70 friendship pairs of students 7 months after they entered university. The results revealed that when a friend acted as a surrogate, the shy students extended their joint networks more. In contrast, not-shy students extended their networks regardless of whether a friend acted as a surrogate. These results indicate that even shy people can adjust indirectly to new social circumstances because they can expand their social networks by using a close friend as a surrogate. 相似文献
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Eye contact is crucial in achieving social communication. Deviant patterns of eye contact behavior are found in individuals with autism, who suffer from severe social and communicative deficits. This study used a visual oddball paradigm to investigate whether children with high functioning autism have difficulty in detecting mutual gaze under experimental conditions. The results revealed that children with autism were no better at detecting direct gaze than at detecting averted gaze, which is unlike normal children. This suggests that whereas typically developing children have the ability to detect direct gaze, children with autism do not. This might result in altered eye-contact behavior, which hampers subsequent development of social and communicative skills. 相似文献