Understanding the intermediate- and long-term psychological consequences of genetic testing for cancer patients has led to encouraging research, but a clear consensus of the psychosocial impact and clinical routine for cancer-affected BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers is still missing. We performed a systematic review of intermediate- and long-term studies investigating the psychological impact like psychological distress, anxiety, and depression in cancer-affected BRCA mutation carriers compared to unaffected mutation carriers. This review included the screening of 1243 studies. Eight intermediate- and long-term studies focusing on distress, anxiety, and depression symptoms among cancer-affected mutation carriers at least six months after the disclosure of genetic testing results were included. Studies reported a great variety of designs, methods, and patient outcomes. We found evidence indicating that cancer-affected mutation carriers experienced a negative effect in relation to psychological well-being in terms of an increase in symptoms of distress, anxiety, and depression in the first months after test disclosure. In the intermediate- and long-term, no significant clinical relevant symptoms occurred. However, none of the included studies used specific measurements, which can clearly identify psychological burdens of cancer-affected mutation carriers. We concluded that current well-implemented distress screening instruments are not sufficient for precisely identifying the psychological burden of genetic testing. Therefore, future studies should implement coping strategies, specific personality structures, the impact of genetic testing, supportive care needs and disease management behaviour to clearly screen for the possible intermediate- and long-term psychological impact of a positive test disclosure. 相似文献
In science policy, public controversy around synthetic biology has often been presented as a major risk because it could deter innovation. The following inter-related strategies for avoiding contestation have been observed: (1) There have been attempts to close down debates by alluding to the importance and legitimacy of reliance on scientific evidence as input to regulatory processes. (2) Scientific policy advice has stressed sufficiency of existing regulation, economic risks of additional regulation and/or suggestions for monitoring that are limited in scope. (3) Initiatives for self-governance have narrowed the scope of topics for consideration. (4) Engagement with humanities, social sciences and arts has been co-opted for legitimisation and science communication. Although such agendas are of course not ubiquitous, in this paper, I criticise that instrumentally motivated engagement has been supported not only by the scientific community but also by policy institutions and funding bodies. I argue that it is good that this now seems to fuel controversy in the academic and policy realms. As synthetic biology is not the only technoscientific field to see such dynamics, this is also part of the broader context of debate about the governance of science, especially the concept of “responsible research and innovation” (RRI) currently promoted in the EU. 相似文献
In supervisory selection and development it is important to assess individuals' supervisory competencies. In a field study, the Test of Supervisory Skills was validated against a surrogate criterion of supervisory performance, based upon position classification and supervisory experience. Subjects (N=2406), workers and applicants of both sexes, were recruited from multiple sources, tested, and the data analyzed to evaluate the usefulness of the test in human resource management applications. Both the current and prior results show significant relationships between scores on this test and various criteria of supervisory performance. 相似文献
This study examines the role of income in a psychosocial resource impairment model that explains partner violence and distress.
Using data from a nationally representative sample, we test whether psychosocial resources of social support and self-esteem
operate differently in four income groups (poor, “working”-poor, middle and upper-income). Structural equation modeling shows
that among women considered working-poor, low self-esteem is relevant for the process through which violence becomes linked
to distress. Women of upper-income appear distinct with negative interactions serving as sole mediator of violence and distress.
Other findings indicate impaired support may mediate the violence and distress relation for women, regardless of income. Overall,
income partially moderates the impact of partner violence on distress, suggesting social contexts should be considered when
examining the effects of violence. 相似文献
"Eating disorder NOS" is the most common eating disorder encountered in outpatient settings yet it has been neglected. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of eating disorder NOS, establish its severity, and determine whether its high relative prevalence might be due to the inclusion of cases closely resembling anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. One hundred and seventy consecutive patients with an eating disorder were assessed using standardised instruments. Operational DSM-IV diagnoses were made and eating disorder NOS cases were compared with bulimia nervosa cases. Diagnostic criteria were then adjusted to determine the impact on the prevalence of eating disorder NOS. Cases of eating disorder NOS comprised 60.0% of the sample. These cases closely resembled the cases of bulimia nervosa in the nature, duration and severity of their psychopathology. Few could be reclassified as cases of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. The findings indicate that eating disorder NOS is common, severe and persistent. Most cases are "mixed" in character and not subthreshold forms of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. It is proposed that in DSM-V the clinical state (or states) currently embraced by the diagnosis eating disorder NOS be reclassified as one or more specific forms of eating disorder. 相似文献
Bisexual women report more physical and psychological health problems than lesbian women do, which may be attributed to greater sexual minority stress and less social support. However, many studies combine lesbian and bisexual women into a single group. The current study examined if sexual minority stress and social support mediated the association between women’s sexual identity (lesbian or bisexual) and health-related outcomes. A total of 650 U.S. young adult lesbian (n?=?227) and bisexual (n?=?423) women completed an online survey about sexual minority stress, social support, and physical and mental health problems. Bisexual women reported more physical and mental health problems. A sequential mediation model showed that bisexual women reported greater sexual minority stress than lesbian women, which in turn was associated with less social support, which was associated with more physical and mental health problems. Greater sexual minority stress and lower social support may help explain why bisexual women report more health-related problems than lesbian women. The results of the present study support the importance of examining risk and protective factors for health problems separately for lesbian and bisexual women. Health-related intervention programs that target sexual minority women may need to be tailored differently for lesbian and bisexual women.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a video iPod as a prompting device for teaching three
job-related tasks to a young man with developmental disabilities in a community-based employment setting. The effectiveness
of the prompting device was evaluated using a multiple probe across behaviors design. Results indicated that the introduction
of the video iPod was associated with immediate and substantial gains in independent correct responding with an associated
decrease in the number of prompts given from a job coach. In addition, the participant used the video iPod independently.
Instructional implications and future research will be discussed. 相似文献
Ethics requires good science. Many scientists, government leaders, and industry representatives support tripling of global-nuclear-energy
capacity on the grounds that nuclear fission is “carbon free” and “releases no greenhouse gases.” However, such claims are
scientifically questionable (and thus likely to lead to ethically questionable energy choices) for at least 3 reasons. (i)
They rely on trimming the data on nuclear greenhouse-gas emissions (GHGE), perhaps in part because flawed Kyoto Protocol conventions
require no full nuclear-fuel-cycle assessment of carbon content. (ii) They underestimate nuclear-fuel-cycle releases by erroneously
assuming that mostly high-grade uranium ore, with much lower emissions, is used. (iii) They inconsistently compare nuclear-related
GHGE only to those from fossil fuels, rather than to those from the best GHG-avoiding energy technologies. Once scientists
take account of (i)–(iii), it is possible to show that although the nuclear fuel cycle releases (per kWh) much fewer GHG than
coal and oil, nevertheless it releases far more GHG than wind and solar-photovoltaic. Although there may be other, ethical,
reasons to support nuclear tripling, reducing or avoiding GHG does not appear to be one of them. 相似文献