Borderline personality disorder and laboratory-induced cold pressor pain: Evidence of stress-induced analgesia

Behavioral neuroscience findings regarding stress-induced analgesia may be an appropriate model for the paradoxical effects of self-mutilative pain of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). We hypothesized that BPD patients would show an exaggerated antinociceptive effect from an uncontrollable cold pressor stress, compared to persons with other personality disorders or to a nonpsychiatric control group. This hypothesis was supported. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.     

Preventive and corrective maintenance of access to knowledge

Access to large portions of our knowledge is unstable, so that recall fluctuates depending upon momentary context. Laboratory interventions can stabilize access for a time, either by preventing the loss of precarious access (preventive maintenance) or by re-establishing lost access (corrective maintenance). This paper describes two methods of measuring the magnitude and duration of such intervention effects. Preventive maintenance effects are measured by the degree and the persistence of asymmetry of up- versus down-fluctuations on successive attempts to recall. The preventive maintenance effect of a single successful recall trial has a half-life in excess of 1 month. The methods are suitable for comparing the effectiveness of various schedules and types of maintenance interventions for a variety of semantic memory content and for diverse subject populations.     

Applications of social cognitive theory to the career development of women of color

This article provides a review of the literature on the educational and career development of women of color within the context of social cognitive career theory (Lent, et al, 1994 and Lent, et al, 1996). Specifically, possible gender, ethnic, racial, and cultural influences on career self-efficacy and outcome expectations are explored to delinate the potential mechanisms whereby ethnicity, culture, and ethnic and racial identity development, in interaction with gender, affect career choice and adjustment. Suggestions for future research on social cognitive career theory and the career development of women of color are presented.     

A “Primer” in Conceptual Metaphor for Counselors

Conceptual metaphor provides a potentially powerful counseling framework, generalizable across theoretical orientations. According to the conceptual perspective, metaphor is not merely a matter of language, but is an indispensable dimension of human understanding and experience whereby more abstract ideas (like relationships) are understood in terms of more concrete experiences (like journeys). Consequently, when a couple in counseling says, “we're just spinning our wheels,” they are not only using a common colloquial expression, but also giving information about how they conceptualize their relationship. This article provides a theoretical foundation for use of conceptual metaphor and offers examples of its potential for counseling.     

A statistical model which combines features of factor analytic and analysis of variance techniques

This paper describes a method of matrix decomposition which retains the ability of factor analytic techniques to summarize data in terms of a relatively low number of coordinates; but at the same time, does not sacrifice the useful analysis of variance heuristic of partitioning data matrices into independent sources of variation which are relatively simple to interpret. The basic model is essentially a two-way analysis of variance model which requires that the matrix of interaction parameters be decomposed by using factor analytic techniques. Problems of judging statistical significance are discussed; and an illustrative example is presented.Much of the work on this paper was completed while the author held a U.S.P.H.S. Postdoctoral Fellowship at Yale University (1964–65). Many of the ideas in this paper have been discussed in the author's doctoral dissertation which was submitted to Yale University in 1965.Special thanks are due to Robert P. Abelson for his encouragement and for many helpful and stimulating discussions about problems which arose in the preparation of this paper. I would also like to thank Francis J. Anscombe and Alan T. James for their valuable suggestions and constructive criticism of an earlier draft of this article.     

The square root method and multiple group methods of factor analysis

The square root method for the solution of a set of simultaneous linear equations or the reduction of a matrix has been known for some time under a variety of names. Because of its usefulness in statistical work, especially in factor analysis, the square root method is presented in general terms and an example given. Several independently developed multiple group methods for factor analysis are compared and synthesized. Their fundamental concepts are set forth and an appropriate system of notation developed. Detailed computational procedures are outlined, and the square root method is emphasized as a computing aid in multiple group analysis.The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect official Department of the Army policy. The author is now with The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.     

Modifications of Treatment Approaches for Axis I Disorders in Patients Who Also Have a Concurrent Axis II Disorder

Personality disorders have been an area of active interest in psychiatry for many years. Mental health professionals have suspected that these disorders retard the treatment of Axis I disorder and a comorbid personality (Axis II) disorder represents a special clinical challenge. This report draws from empirical literature in the field and the experience of the author to provide one possible theoretical framework to use in viewing these patients as well as practical suggestions to improve management of patients with these comorbid conditions.