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141.
142.
Previous studies have shown that a change in an existing object is not as effective in capturing attention as the appearance
of a new object. This view was recently challenged by Lu and Zhou (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12:567–572, 2005), who
found strong capture effects for an object changing its color. We suspected that this finding critically depends on a procedural
particularity in Lu and Zhou’s study, namely that the color of the unique item and the color of the no-unique items randomly
switched between trials. In the current study we replicate Lu and Zhou’s capture effect (Experiment 1) and show that no capture
occurs when the color-to-stimuli assignment is fixed (Experiment 2). Two further experiments suggest that the capture effect
in Experiment 1 is not because the unique item switched color (Experiment 3), but because all the no-unique items switched
color (Experiment 4). The results are discussed considering top-down modulation and inter-trial priming effects.
相似文献
Adrian von Mühlenen (Corresponding author)Email: |
Markus ConciEmail: |
143.
Linda A. Jackson Yong Zhao Edward A. Witt Hiram E. Fitzgerald Alexander von Eye 《Sex roles》2009,60(11-12):859-869
This research examines children’s beliefs about moral behavior in the virtual world and the real world. Participants were 515 children, average age 12 years old. One-third were African American and two-thirds were Caucasian American. Children completed surveys mailed to their homes which included questions about the acceptability of morally questionable virtual behaviors. Findings indicated: (1) gender and race differences in the acceptability of morally questionable behaviors in the virtual world; (2) moral behavior and moral attitudes in the real world predicted the acceptability of morally questionable behaviors in the virtual world; and (3) the frequency of IT use predicted the acceptability of morally questionable behaviors in the virtual world. Implications for children’s IT education are discussed. 相似文献
144.
Mandy Grumm Steffen Nestler Gernot von Collani 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(2):327-335
Three experiments investigated predictions concerning asymmetrical patterns of implicit and explicit self-esteem change. Specifically, we investigated the influence of knowledge about the own self that is momentarily salient as well as the influence of affective valence associated with the self in memory on implicit and explicit self-esteem. The latter was induced by evaluative conditioning, the former by directed thinking about oneself. We found that while evaluative conditioning changed implicit but not explicit self-esteem (Experiment 1), thinking about the own self altered explicit but not implicit self-esteem (Experiment 2). Moreover, in a third experiment, it could be shown that the effect of evaluative conditioning can spill over to the explicit level when participants are asked to focus on their feelings prior to making their self-report judgements (Experiment 3). Implications of our results are discussed in terms of recent controversies regarding dual-process models of attitudes and associative versus propositional modes of information processing. 相似文献
145.
Theories of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) implicate dysfunctional regulation mechanisms that have been conceptually
grouped into “top-down” control and “bottom-up” affective/reactive processes. This dual-process account can be invoked in
relation to temperament or personality traits and may clarify how traits relate to ADHD. Two samples were examined to illuminate
developmental effects. The younger sample was 179 youngsters aged 7 to 12 years (113 boys; 107 with ADHD). The older sample
was 184 adolescents (109 boys; 87 with ADHD) aged 13 to 18 years. Structural equation models included parent-rated traits,
teacher-rated ADHD symptoms, and laboratory-obtained executive functions. A control or “top-down” factor included cognitive
control and conscientiousness/effortful control. A second factor labeled affective or “bottom-up” included neuroticism/negative
emotionality, agreeableness, and reactive control. In the younger sample, these two factors were differentially and specifically
related to inattention and hyperactivity, respectively. However, in the older sample, the first factor was related to inattention
and hyperactivity, whereas the second factor was related to hyperactivity. Personality traits appear to map onto ADHD symptoms
in a meaningful manner consistent with a dual-process model of temperament and ADHD.
This research was supported by NIH National Institute of Mental Health Grant R01-MH63146, MH59105, and MH70542 to Joel Nigg.
Martel was supported by NIH F31 MH075533. We are indebted to the families and staff who made this study possible. 相似文献
146.
Torkildsen Jv Friis Hansen H Svangstu JM Smith L Simonsen HG Moen I Lindgren M 《Brain and language》2009,108(2):73-88
The present study investigated the brain mechanisms involved during young children's receptive familiarization with new words, and whether the dynamics of these mechanisms are related to the child's productive vocabulary size. To this end, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from 20-month-old children in a pseudoword repetition task. Results revealed distinct patterns of repetition effects for children with large and small productive vocabularies. High producers showed evidence of recognizing the novel words already after three presentations, while the low producers needed five presentations to display a recognition effect. The familiarization process was manifested in the modulations of two components, the N200-400 and a later fronto-central component, which appeared to increase in amplitude until a certain level of encoding was reached and then decrease with further repetition. These findings suggest a relation between the onset of the productive vocabulary spurt and the rate of receptive word familiarization. 相似文献
147.
Steinunn Gestsdottir Selva Lewin-Bizan Alexander von Eye Jacqueline V. Lerner Richard M. Lerner 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2009,30(5):585
Intentional self-regulation is a core facet of human functioning, involving people's modulation of their thoughts, attention, emotions, and behaviors to react to environmental demands and to influence their own development. Using data from Grades 8, 9, and 10 of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), the structure of intentional self-regulation, as indexed by a measure of selection (S), optimization (O), and compensation (C), or SOC, was assessed. Within-and-across-time links between SOC scores and indicators of PYD, and risk/problem behaviors were ascertained. A tripartite structure of intentional self-regulation was identified across all three grades, and SOC scores at all times positively covaried with PYD and negatively with risk/problem behaviors. Findings were strongest for overall SOC scores and for the components of “O” and “C.” We discuss the implications of these findings for youth development programs. 相似文献
148.
We analyzed family dynamics and coping behaviors of parents with a child with an autistic spectrum disorder. Previous research
suggests that moderate levels of cohesion and adaptability are associated with higher levels of positive coping, and that
the more coping strategies a family implements, the greater their satisfaction with family functioning. Using a family systems
approach, the relationships among the familial variables of cohesion, adaptability, and social support were evaluated for
their contributions to coping in the family unit. We also compared the responses of mothers and fathers. Surprisingly, for
these parents of children with autism, those who rated their family as enmeshed implemented more positive coping strategies
than did those from other cohesion styles. This finding suggests that the enmeshed style may be more adaptive for a family
that encounters extreme challenges. Notably, mothers and fathers agreed on all variables except for perception of social support
from family and friends. Mothers perceived more social support from family and friends. The results lead to several interesting
suggestions for future research. 相似文献
149.
von Leupoldt A Rohde J Beregova A Thordsen-Sörensen I zur Nieden J Dahme B 《Behavior research methods》2007,39(3):606-609
Standardized sets of films have been shown to be effective for eliciting emotional states in adults, but no comparable validated stimuli are available for children. We therefore examined the effects of three pre-selected film clips each of 3-min duration in eliciting a pleasant, neutral and unpleasant emotional state in 297 children aged between 6 and 12 years. After the films were presented on a video projector, affective ratings were obtained with the Self-Assessment-Manikin on the emotional dimensions of valence and arousal. Increasing pleasure ratings were observed from the unpleasant to the neutral to the pleasant film. Associated arousal ratings were stronger for the unpleasant and pleasant films compared to the neutral film. Overall, results showed successful elicitation of targeted emotional states only marginally influenced by age, gender or prior experience with the films. The use of these films is therefore suggested for future studies on emotions in children. 相似文献
150.
The present study developed word lists describing three categories of body build—fat, thin, and muscular— for
use in investigating cognitive risk factors for body dissatisfaction. Fifty-one men and 51 women rated the categorization,
valence, and familiarity of 284 body-related adjectives in order to develop the final lists. The normative frequency of each
of the 284 words was determined using an index of American English. The final 19- to 26-item word lists were constructed so
that the average number of syllables, word length, word frequency, and mean percentage of categorization agreement were comparable.
The availability of these word lists will facilitate future cognitive research into a key risk factor for eating disorders. 相似文献