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The authors reexamined reported effects of age, illumination, and stationary visible structure on the net center of pressure (COP) derived from dual, side-by-side force plates (J. Kinsella-Shaw, S. Harrison, C. Colon-Semenza, & M. Turvey, 2006 ) from the perspective of axial postural control. They questioned how left and right COP(x)(t), COP(y)(t), and vertically oriented ground reactive force, GRF(z)(t), coordinated during quiet standing. The Cross-recurrence Quantification (CRQ) revealed that coordination was primarily between fluctuations of similar direction, with coordination of left and right COP(y) (t) (anteroposterior fluctuations) dominant. CRQ also revealed that (a) illumination and structure affected the interlimb dynamics of older (M age = 72.2 ± 4.90 years) participants more than their younger (M age = 22.8 ± 0.83 years) counterparts, and (b) older participants exhibited greater interlimb entrainment (dynamical stability) in the presence of greater interlimb noise. 相似文献
374.
In many human movement studies angle-time series data on several groups of individuals are measured. Current methods to compare groups include comparisons of the mean value in each group or use multivariate techniques such as principal components analysis and perform tests on the principal component scores. Such methods have been useful, though discard a large amount of information. Functional data analysis (FDA) is an emerging statistical analysis technique in human movement research which treats the angle-time series data as a function rather than a series of discrete measurements. This approach retains all of the information in the data. Functional principal components analysis (FPCA) is an extension of multivariate principal components analysis which examines the variability of a sample of curves and has been used to examine differences in movement patterns of several groups of individuals. Currently the functional principal components (FPCs) for each group are either determined separately (yielding components that are group-specific), or by combining the data for all groups and determining the FPCs of the combined data (yielding components that summarize the entire data set). The group-specific FPCs contain both within and between group variation and issues arise when comparing FPCs across groups when the order of the FPCs alter in each group. The FPCs of the combined data may not adequately describe all groups of individuals and comparisons between groups typically use t-tests of the mean FPC scores in each group. When these differences are statistically non-significant it can be difficult to determine how a particular intervention is affecting movement patterns or how injured subjects differ from controls. In this paper we aim to perform FPCA in a manner allowing sensible comparisons between groups of curves. A statistical technique called common functional principal components analysis (CFPCA) is implemented. CFPCA identifies the common sources of variation evident across groups but allows the order of each component to change for a particular group. This allows for the direct comparison of components across groups. We use our method to analyze a biomechanical data set examining the mechanisms of chronic Achilles tendon injury and the functional effects of orthoses. 相似文献
375.
Amy E. Crook Margaret E. Beier Cody B. Cox Harrison J. Kell Ashley Rittmayer Hanks Stephan J. Motowidlo 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2011,19(4):363-373
We report two studies that investigate single‐response situational judgment tests (SJTs) as measures of job knowledge. Study 1 examines relationships between job knowledge measured by a single‐response SJT, personality, and performance for museum tour guides. Study 2 extends Study 1's findings with a sample of volunteers using a single‐response SJT about volunteerism. In both studies, personality was related to knowledge, and knowledge predicted performance. In Study 2, knowledge accounted for incremental variance in performance beyond personality, but personality added no incremental variance beyond knowledge. Results suggest that knowledge of effective behavior and knowledge of ineffective behavior are separate constructs. These studies demonstrate the validity of single‐response SJTs and provide evidence that knowing what to do and what not to do are separate domains. 相似文献
376.
The authors evaluated the psychometric properties of the Firefighter Coping Self-Efficacy (FFCSE) Scale, a new measure developed to assess firefighters' perceived competence in managing stressful and traumatic experiences encountered on the job. Two samples of firefighters completed the FFCSE Scale at two different time points. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a unidimensional structure, which was further supported with confirmatory factor analysis using a second sample. Internal consistency of the measure was excellent. Analysis of cross-sectional data indicated FFCSE was positively associated with measures of psychological well-being and social support, and negatively associated with work-related stress and psychological distress. FFCSE also uniquely contributed to the variance in psychological distress, over and above variables previously shown to be associated with distress among this population. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
377.
Victoria S. Harrison 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2006,59(3):133-152
Few seem to have difficulty in distinguishing between religious and secular institutions, yet there is widespread disagreement
regarding what “religion” actually means. Indeed, some go so far as to question whether there is anything at all distinctive
about religions. Hence, formulating a definition of “religion” that can command wide assent has proven to be an extremely
difficult task. In this article, I consider the most prominent of the many rival definitions that have been proposed, the
majority falling within three basic types: intellectual, affective and functional definitions. I conclude that there are pragmatic
reasons for favouring the formerly popular view that essentialist definitions of “religions” are inadequate, and that religions
should be construed, instead, as possessing a number of “family resemblances.” In so arguing, I provide a response to the
view that there is nothing distinctive about religions, as well as to the recent claim that religions do not exist. 相似文献
378.
Reduction in physical activity is considered a major contributor to weight problems. Increasingly, people are expending less
energy in household chores but joining fitness clubs. Do people perceive ordinary daily activities to expend less energy than
exercise activities using similar amounts of calories? In the present study college students were asked to evaluate the calorie
expenditure of 30 physical activities (i.e., exercises and household tasks). The household tasks were matched (in terms of
caloric expenditure) to at least one exercise activity. When participants rated both exercise and daily activities, it appears
that they focused on rate of caloric expenditure rather than type of activity (i.e., household task or exercise). In Study
2, college students evaluated the energy expenditure of light/leisure, moderate, and intense exercise. This emphasis concerning
the benefit of intense physical activity was observed once again. College students appear to have assimilated the belief that
intense physical activity expends more energy than longer sessions of lower intensity physical activity using similar amounts
of calories. Perhaps one reason why people are not physically active is that they believe physical activities must be intense
to be of benefit. At the same time they are automatizing household chores and, thus, become less active overall. 相似文献
379.
Lisa A. Harrison Chiesha M. Stevens Adrienne N. Monty Christine A. Coakley 《Social Psychology of Education》2006,9(3):341-357
This research examined whether socioeconomic stereotypes produce stereotype threat among lower, middle, or upper income college
students who are either White or non-White. Before completing an academic test, participants were either told that the purpose
of the research was to understand why lower income students generally perform worse on academic tests or to examine problem-solving
processes. Results showed that lower income students exposed to stereotype threat experienced greater test anxiety and performed
worse on the academic test than their middle income and higher income counterparts. However, lower income students who experienced
stereotype threat exerted as much effort on the test as lower income students who did not experience stereotype threat. Nonetheless,
they were less likely to identify with school-related subjects. Stereotype threat and reduced performance did not influence
lower income students’ self-esteem. Participant race did not influence these findings. The research is discussed in light
of cognitive dissonance theory.
Portions of the results were presented at the 2004 American Psychological Society Conference, Chicago, IL.
Lisa A. Harrison is an assistant professor of psychology at California State University, Sacramento. Her research interests
include stereotypes and prejudice, gender role norms and female athletes, and the influence of
social identity on judgments of interpersonal violence. E-mail: lharriso@csus.edu
Chiesha M. Stevens is currently working toward her MA in industrial/organizational psychology at California State University, Long Beach
Adrienne N. Monty is currently working toward her MA in psychology at California State University, Sacramento
Christine Coakley received her BA in psychology from California State University, Sacramento where she is currently working toward her MA in
industrial/organizational psychology. Her research interests include stereotype threat, optimism, motivation and employee
burnout in special education. E-mail: Sac78629@saclink.csus.edu 相似文献
380.
Victoria S. Harrison 《Philosophia》2008,36(1):97-110
Internalist pluralism is an attractive and elegant theory. However, there are two apparently powerful objections to this approach
that prevent its widespread adoption. According to the first objection, the resulting analysis of religious belief systems
is intrinsically atheistic; while according to the second objection, the analysis is unsatisfactory because it allows religious
objects simply to be defined into existence. In this article, I demonstrate that an adherent of internalist pluralism can
deflect both of these objections, and in the course of so arguing, I deploy a distinction between “conceptual-scheme targetability”
and “successful conceptual-scheme targeting”.
相似文献
Victoria S. HarrisonEmail: |