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211.
Two numeral-trained monkeys learned to produce 3 5-item lists of Arabic numerals, colors, and arbitrary signs in the correct sequence. The monkeys then responded at above-chance levels when the authors tested them with nonrewarded pair-wise comparisons of items from different lists, indicating their use of ordinal-position information. The authors also tested the monkeys with nonrewarded pair-wise comparisons of an analog quantity and an item from 1 of the 3 learned lists. Although the monkeys were not trained to serially order analog quantities, 1 monkey correctly integrated the analog quantities with the lists of numerals, colors, and signs. The consistent use of an ordinal rule, despite different types of training and varying degrees of experience with the 4 types of stimuli, suggested that the monkey had a robust concept of ordinality. 相似文献
212.
Harris PL 《Developmental science》2007,10(1):135-138
Children rely extensively on others' testimony to learn about the world. However, they are not uniformly credulous toward other people. From an early age, children's reliance on testimony is tempered by selective trust in particular informants. Three- and 4-year-olds monitor the accuracy or knowledge of informants, including those that are familiar. They prefer to seek and endorse information provided by someone who has proved accurate in the past rather than someone who has made mistakes or acknowledged ignorance. Future research is likely to pinpoint other heuristics that children use to filter incoming testimony and may reveal more generalized patterns of trust and mistrust among individual children. 相似文献
213.
There is growing evidence that self‐affirmation – the process of reflecting upon cherished values or attributes – may have implications for health. Postulated effects range from reducing the defensive resistance to unwelcome health‐risk information to ameliorating the physiological response to stress. In this, the first detailed review of the literature on self‐affirmation and health, we summarise what is known. Self‐affirming can increase acceptance of unwelcome health‐risk information, especially among those at greatest risk. Self‐affirmed participants typically also report more intention to change behaviour postmessage. There is evidence that certain effects of self‐affirming may endure. Self‐affirmation has also been shown to have beneficial effects on the response to stress. There is, however, currently only limited evidence of actual health‐behaviour change following self‐affirmation. We discuss reasons for this and consider key research questions for the next phase of research. 相似文献
214.
Michael S. Cole Hubert S. Feild William F. Giles Stanley G. Harris 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(1):5-18
Research shows recruiters infer dispositional characteristics from job applicants’ resumes and use these inferences in evaluating
applicants’ employability. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences have not been empirically tested. Using
data collected from 244 recruiters, we found low levels of estimated interrater reliability when they reviewed entry-level
applicants’ resumes and made inferences regarding applicants’ personality traits. Moreover, when recruiters’ inferences of
applicant personality were correlated with applicants’ actual Big Five personality scores, results indicated that recruiters’
inferences lacked validity, with the possible exceptions of extraversion and openness to experience. Finally, despite being
largely unreliable and invalid, recruiters’ inferences of applicants’ extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness
predicted the recruiters’ subsequent employability assessments of the applicants. 相似文献
215.
Sandra L. Murray Sadie Leder Jennifer C.D. MacGregor John G. Holmes Rebecca T. Pinkus Brianna Harris 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(6):1180-1191
It is proposed that people are motivated to feel hard to replace in romantic relationships because feeling irreplaceable fosters trust in a partner’s continued responsiveness. By contrast, feeling replaceable motivates compensatory behavior aimed at strengthening the partner’s commitment to the relationship. A correlational study of dating couples and two experiments examined how satiating/thwarting the goal of feeling irreplaceable differentially affects relationship perception and behavior for low and high self-esteem people. The results revealed that satiating the goal of feeling irreplaceable increases trust for people low in self-esteem. In contrast, thwarting the goal of feeling irreplaceable increases compensatory behaviors meant to prove one’s indispensability for people high in self-esteem. 相似文献
216.
Over the past three decades, research on the social dimensions of emotions has grown exponentially, particularly in the area
of “emotion management.” In this project, we will attempt to add to this body of research by studying the social aspects of
labeling or “instantiating” feelings. The data for the project come from televised red-carpet interviews conducted with celebrities
immediately prior to awards ceremonies. By focusing on the generic aspects of the emotional claims-making put forth by interviewers
and interviewees, we demonstrate how the labeling of emotions is an interpretive, interactive task.
相似文献
Kerry O. FerrisEmail: |
217.
Recent assessments have shown that capuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees and other Old World primate species, are sensitive to
quantitative differences between sets of visible stimuli. In the present study, we examined capuchins’ performance in a more
sophisticated quantity judgment task that required the ability to form representations of food quantities while viewing the
quantities only one piece at a time. In three experiments, we presented monkeys with the choice between two sets of discrete
homogeneous food items and allowed the monkeys to consume the set of their choice. In Experiments 1 and 2, monkeys compared
an entirely visible food set to a second set, presented item-by-item into an opaque container. All monkeys exhibited high
accuracy in choosing the larger set, even when the entirely visible set was presented last, preventing the use of one-to-one
item correspondence to compare quantities. In Experiment 3, monkeys compared two sets that were each presented item-by-item
into opaque containers, but at different rates to control for temporal cues. Some monkeys performed well in this experiment,
though others exhibited near-chance performance, suggesting that this species’ ability to form representations of food quantities
may be limited compared to previously tested species such as chimpanzees. Overall, these findings support the analog magnitude
model of quantity representation as an explanation for capuchin monkeys’ quantification of sequentially presented food items.
相似文献
Theodore A. EvansEmail: |
218.
Harris LT McClure SM van den Bos W Cohen JD Fiske ST 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):309-316
The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) reliably activates in social cognition and reward tasks. This study locates distinct areas
for each. Participants made evaluative (positive/negative) or social (person/not a person) judgments of pictured positive
or negative people and objects in a slow event-related design. Activity in an anterior rostral region (arMPFC) was significantly
greater for positive than for negative persons but did not show a valence effect for objects, and this was true regardless
of the judgment task. This suggests that the arMPFC is tuned to social valence. Interestingly, however, no regions of the
MPFC were found to be responsive to social information independently of valence. A region-of-interest analysis of the paraanterior
cingulate cortex (pACC), previously implicated in reward processing, demonstrated sensitivity to the valence of all stimuli,
whether persons or objects, across tasks. Affective evaluation may be a general function of the MPFC, with some regions being
tuned to more specific domains of information (e.g., social) than are others. 相似文献
219.
The present study examined whether self-esteem would moderate women’s affect after being exposed to brief instructional interventions tapping into two dimensions of forgiveness: an interpersonal dimension focusing on forgiving the offender, and an intrapersonal dimension focusing on letting go of one’s negative affect toward the offender. The positive and negative affect of 79 women with a history of victimization was assessed after they listened to instructions for either granting forgiveness, letting go of their negative affect, or relaxation (control). Results indicated differential effects of the instructions on emotions directed toward themselves versus toward the offender. Women had more negative emotions about themselves when they received the granting forgiveness instructions, but they had greater positive emotions toward their offenders. Women’s responses were moderated by self-esteem in that there was no differential effect of the instructions among women low in self-esteem, but women high in self-esteem had a relatively positive response to the letting-go instructions and a generally negative reaction to the traditional forgiveness instructions. 相似文献
220.
Cardiovascular responses of embarrassment and effects of emotional suppression in a social setting. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C R Harris 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2001,81(5):886-897
The cardiovascular effects of embarrassment and of attempts to suppress embarrassment were examined. In 2 studies, embarrassment was associated with substantial increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which monotonically increased over a 2-minute embarrassment period. In contrast, heart rate (HR) rose significantly during the 1st minute of embarrassment but returned to baseline levels during the 2nd minute. This pattern of reactivity may be distinctive. The effects of trying to suppress emotion in an interpersonal situation were also tested. Relative to the no-suppression group, suppression participants showed greater blood pressure during embarrassment and during posttask recovery. Suppression did not significantly affect HR. Possible mechanisms for these results, including passive coping, are discussed. Nonverbal behavior was also examined. 相似文献