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211.
Harris GT Rice ME Hilton NZ Lalumiére ML Quinsey VL 《Journal of personality disorders》2007,21(1):1-27
Sexual behavior is closely associated with delinquency and crime. Although psychopaths, by definition, have many short-term sexual relationships, it has not been shown that sexuality is a core aspect of psychopathy. A Darwinian view of psychopathy led to the hypothesis that psychopaths have a unique sexuality involving early, frequent, and coercive sex. Our subjects were 512 sex offenders assessed on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R). Five variables reflecting early, frequent, and coercive sex loaded on the same principal component in exploratory factor analysis on a subset of the sample, whereas PCL-R items pertaining to adult sexual behavior did not. Confirmatory factor analysis of the remaining subjects yielded a measurement model containing three inter-correlated factors - the traditional two PCL-R factors, and coercive and precocious sexuality. Taxometric analyses gave evidence of a natural discontinuity underlying coercive and precocious sexuality. Coercive and precocious sexuality yielded statistically significant associations with other study variables predicted by the Darwinian hypothesis. The present findings are consistent with prior empirical findings and support the hypothesis that psychopathy has been a nonpathological, reproductively viable, alternate life history strategy. 相似文献
212.
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of cumulative risk exposure in concert with maternal responsiveness on physiological indicators of chronic stress in children and youth. Middle-school children exposed to greater accumulated psychosocial (e.g., family turmoil, poverty) and physical (e.g., crowding, substandard housing) risk factors manifested higher levels of allostatic load, a physiological marker of cumulative wear and tear on the body caused by the mobilization of multiple, physiological response systems. This effect was longitudinal, residualizing allostatic load 3-4 years earlier when the youth were in elementary school. This effect, however, occurred only among adolescents with mothers low in responsiveness. Cumulative risk was also associated with dynamic cardiovascular processes in response to an acute stressor (mental arithmetic). Higher risk was associated with muted reactivity and slower, less efficient recovery in blood pressure. These dynamic cardiovascular effects occurred irrespective of maternal responsiveness. 相似文献
213.
Ray Harris 《Journal of Adult Development》2007,14(3-4):112-121
The Jungian concept of archetypes when aligned with a developmental perspective provides an important analytical tool. It allows many terrorist acts to be read as capture by the archetype of the Terrible Father as a rebellion against the anima archetype of civilization. 相似文献
214.
Two numeral-trained monkeys learned to produce 3 5-item lists of Arabic numerals, colors, and arbitrary signs in the correct sequence. The monkeys then responded at above-chance levels when the authors tested them with nonrewarded pair-wise comparisons of items from different lists, indicating their use of ordinal-position information. The authors also tested the monkeys with nonrewarded pair-wise comparisons of an analog quantity and an item from 1 of the 3 learned lists. Although the monkeys were not trained to serially order analog quantities, 1 monkey correctly integrated the analog quantities with the lists of numerals, colors, and signs. The consistent use of an ordinal rule, despite different types of training and varying degrees of experience with the 4 types of stimuli, suggested that the monkey had a robust concept of ordinality. 相似文献
215.
Harris PL 《Developmental science》2007,10(1):135-138
Children rely extensively on others' testimony to learn about the world. However, they are not uniformly credulous toward other people. From an early age, children's reliance on testimony is tempered by selective trust in particular informants. Three- and 4-year-olds monitor the accuracy or knowledge of informants, including those that are familiar. They prefer to seek and endorse information provided by someone who has proved accurate in the past rather than someone who has made mistakes or acknowledged ignorance. Future research is likely to pinpoint other heuristics that children use to filter incoming testimony and may reveal more generalized patterns of trust and mistrust among individual children. 相似文献
216.
There is growing evidence that self‐affirmation – the process of reflecting upon cherished values or attributes – may have implications for health. Postulated effects range from reducing the defensive resistance to unwelcome health‐risk information to ameliorating the physiological response to stress. In this, the first detailed review of the literature on self‐affirmation and health, we summarise what is known. Self‐affirming can increase acceptance of unwelcome health‐risk information, especially among those at greatest risk. Self‐affirmed participants typically also report more intention to change behaviour postmessage. There is evidence that certain effects of self‐affirming may endure. Self‐affirmation has also been shown to have beneficial effects on the response to stress. There is, however, currently only limited evidence of actual health‐behaviour change following self‐affirmation. We discuss reasons for this and consider key research questions for the next phase of research. 相似文献
217.
Michael S. Cole Hubert S. Feild William F. Giles Stanley G. Harris 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(1):5-18
Research shows recruiters infer dispositional characteristics from job applicants’ resumes and use these inferences in evaluating
applicants’ employability. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences have not been empirically tested. Using
data collected from 244 recruiters, we found low levels of estimated interrater reliability when they reviewed entry-level
applicants’ resumes and made inferences regarding applicants’ personality traits. Moreover, when recruiters’ inferences of
applicant personality were correlated with applicants’ actual Big Five personality scores, results indicated that recruiters’
inferences lacked validity, with the possible exceptions of extraversion and openness to experience. Finally, despite being
largely unreliable and invalid, recruiters’ inferences of applicants’ extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness
predicted the recruiters’ subsequent employability assessments of the applicants. 相似文献
218.
Sandra L. Murray Sadie Leder Jennifer C.D. MacGregor John G. Holmes Rebecca T. Pinkus Brianna Harris 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(6):1180-1191
It is proposed that people are motivated to feel hard to replace in romantic relationships because feeling irreplaceable fosters trust in a partner’s continued responsiveness. By contrast, feeling replaceable motivates compensatory behavior aimed at strengthening the partner’s commitment to the relationship. A correlational study of dating couples and two experiments examined how satiating/thwarting the goal of feeling irreplaceable differentially affects relationship perception and behavior for low and high self-esteem people. The results revealed that satiating the goal of feeling irreplaceable increases trust for people low in self-esteem. In contrast, thwarting the goal of feeling irreplaceable increases compensatory behaviors meant to prove one’s indispensability for people high in self-esteem. 相似文献
219.
Over the past three decades, research on the social dimensions of emotions has grown exponentially, particularly in the area
of “emotion management.” In this project, we will attempt to add to this body of research by studying the social aspects of
labeling or “instantiating” feelings. The data for the project come from televised red-carpet interviews conducted with celebrities
immediately prior to awards ceremonies. By focusing on the generic aspects of the emotional claims-making put forth by interviewers
and interviewees, we demonstrate how the labeling of emotions is an interpretive, interactive task.
相似文献
Kerry O. FerrisEmail: |
220.
Recent assessments have shown that capuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees and other Old World primate species, are sensitive to
quantitative differences between sets of visible stimuli. In the present study, we examined capuchins’ performance in a more
sophisticated quantity judgment task that required the ability to form representations of food quantities while viewing the
quantities only one piece at a time. In three experiments, we presented monkeys with the choice between two sets of discrete
homogeneous food items and allowed the monkeys to consume the set of their choice. In Experiments 1 and 2, monkeys compared
an entirely visible food set to a second set, presented item-by-item into an opaque container. All monkeys exhibited high
accuracy in choosing the larger set, even when the entirely visible set was presented last, preventing the use of one-to-one
item correspondence to compare quantities. In Experiment 3, monkeys compared two sets that were each presented item-by-item
into opaque containers, but at different rates to control for temporal cues. Some monkeys performed well in this experiment,
though others exhibited near-chance performance, suggesting that this species’ ability to form representations of food quantities
may be limited compared to previously tested species such as chimpanzees. Overall, these findings support the analog magnitude
model of quantity representation as an explanation for capuchin monkeys’ quantification of sequentially presented food items.
相似文献
Theodore A. EvansEmail: |