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Journal of Religion and Health -     

The effects of pre- and postweaning rearing conditions on latent inhibition and partial reinforcement extinction effect in male rats

Male rats were either handled daily or left undisturbed (nonhandled) during the first 21 days of life. At weaning (Day 22) animals in each early treatment condition were assigned to two housing conditions, isolated or grouped, creating four early/late treatment conditions: Handled-Grouped (HG), Handled-Isolated (HI), Nonhandled-Grouped (NHG), and Nonhandled-Isolated (NHI). At maturity, all animals were tested in the latent inhibition (LI, Experiment 1) and the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE, Experiment 2) paradigms. In LI, animals receiving prior nonreinforced preexposure to a stimulus (PE) show subsequently retarded conditioning to that stimulus as compared to nonpreexposed (NPE) controls. In the PREE, partially reinforced (PRF) animals exhibit higher resistance to extinction as compared to continuously reinforced (CRF) controls. LI and PREE were obtained in the HG condition, but were impaired in NHG and HI animals. The pattern of impairment was different in the two conditions. The absence of LI in NHG males was due to increased suppression in the PE group, whereas in HI males, was due to decreased suppression in the NPE group. Likewise, the attenuation of the PREE in NHG males stemmed primarily from decreased resistance to extinction in the PRF group, whereas in HI males, it resulted from increased resistance to extinction in the CRF group. The combination of nonhandling and isolation led to the reinstatement of both LI and PREE: normal LI and PREE were obtained in the NHI animals. These results demonstrate that early rearing experience interacts with later experience differentially depending upon the later experience.     

The relationship between personality,anger expression,and perceived family control among incarcerated male juveniles

The literature suggests that a multitude of psychological and social factors can interact to place adolescents at risk for aggression and violence. This study examined three of these factors: personality, affect, and family. Using a heterogeneous sample of male adolescents at risk for violence, a hierarchical, agglomerative cluster analysis was conducted to categorize these adolescents in terms of personality characteristics. Results of the analysis suggested three clusters of at-risk adolescents. Examination of the three cluster types found distinctions between groups on anger expression, trait anger, and trait anxiety, but not family control. It was concluded that, among male delinquents, elevated psychopathology is associated with higher anger and anxiety, but not higher family control.