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781.
782.
Brian C. Holtz Crystal M. Harold 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2008,81(4):777-802
The present study proposes and tests a model that examines the relationship between leadership style, trust, employee interpretations of managerial explanations, and justice perceptions. Using a critical incident methodology, 203 working adults were asked to recall a recent situation in which a request or proposal made to their manager was denied. Results provide strong support for the theoretical model. Namely, the effect of leadership style on explanation perceptions was indirect through employees' level of trust in their manager. Specifically, employees who felt their manager was transformational reported a higher degree of trust and more favourable reactions to managerial explanations. 相似文献
783.
Stephanie H.M. van Goozen Graeme Fairchild Gordon T. Harold 《Current directions in psychological science》2008,17(3):224-228
ABSTRACT— Childhood-onset antisocial behavior is an important predictor of chronic and serious forms of antisocial behavior in later life. Both biological and social factors are involved in the development of abnormal behavior. We examine the underlying role of stress-response systems in the link between early social adversity and juvenile antisocial behavior, and propose that children with genetically and/or perinatally based neurobiological deficits have problems in activating these systems and therefore experience difficulties in regulating affect and behavior. Underactivity or attenuated reactivity of the stress-response systems may predispose antisocial individuals to seek out stimulation or take risks, and thereby explain deficits in learning and socialization. Further investigations of neurobiological functioning in antisocial children might not only indicate which children are more likely to persist in behaving antisocially but also guide the development of new interventions. 相似文献
784.
Kelly Manley Belva C. Collins Donald M. Stenhoff Harold Kleinert 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2008,17(3):221-236
Using the telephone to contact others can be an important skill in maintaining friendships with peers. This investigation
used a system of least prompts (SLP) procedures to teach two telephone skills to 3 elementary students with cognitive disabilities:
(a) placing phone calls and (b) leaving recorded voicemail messages. The SLP procedure was effective in teaching both skills
to all 3 students. Results for maintenance and generalization, however, were mixed.
This investigation was completed to partially satisfy the thesis requirement for a Master’s degree at the University of Kentucky. 相似文献
785.
Harriëtte Riese Frühling V. Rijsdijk Judith G. M. Rosmalen Harold Snieder Johan Ormel 《Journal of personality》2009,77(5):1561-1576
ABSTRACT Neuroticism is widely used as an explanatory concept in etiological research of psychopathology. To clarify what neuroticism actually represents, we investigated the phenotypic and genetic relationship between neuroticism and the morning cortisol secretion. In the current classic twin study, 125 female twin pairs (74 monozygotic and 51 dizygotic pairs) participated. For each participant, 4 different neuroticism scores were available to calculate a neuroticism composite score that was used in the statistical analyses. The morning cortisol secretion was assessed by 4 salivary samples in the 1st hour after awakening. Significant genetic influences for the neuroticism composite score (55%), and each of the 4 cortisol samples (52%–69%) were found. There was no phenotypic or genotypic relationship between neuroticism and morning cortisol secretion. Although neuroticism and cortisol were both heritable traits, they did not share any genetic influences. 相似文献
786.
The idea that observing an action triggers an automatic and obligatory activation of an imitative action in the motor system
of the observer has recently been questioned by studies examining complementary actions. Instead of a tendency for imitation,
cooperative settings may facilitate the execution of dissimilar actions, resulting in a relative disadvantage for imitative
actions. The present study aimed at clarifying the contribution of associative learning and interference of task representations
to the reversal of congruency effects. To distinguish between the two, an experiment was designed, in which we increased the
effects of associative learning and minimized the effects of task interference. Participants completed a series of imitation
and complementary action runs, in which they continuously imitated or complemented the actions of a virtual co-actor. Each
run was alternated with a test run showing the same actions but including color-cues, and the participants were instructed
to respond to color instead of the actor’s posture. Reaction times to test runs showed no reversal of facilitation effects
between the imitation and complementary action conditions. This result strongly argues that associative learning cannot adequately
account for reversed facilitation effects. Our study provides additional support for action–perception models that allow flexible
selection of action–perception coupling and challenges the existing models purely based on stimulus–response associations.
相似文献
Edita PoljacEmail: |
787.
788.
ABSTRACT— Human visual perception is sometimes ambiguous, switching between different perceptual structures, and shifts of attention sometimes favor one perceptual structure over another. It has been proposed that, in figure-ground segmentation, attention to certain regions tends to cause those regions to be perceived as closer to the observer. Here, we show that this attention effect can be reversed under certain conditions. To account for these phenomena, we propose an alternative principle: The visual system chooses the interpretation that maximizes simplicity of the attended regions. 相似文献
789.
Lindemann O Abolafia JM Girardi G Bekkering H 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(6):1400-1409
To investigate the functional connection between numerical cognition and action planning, the authors required participants to perform different grasping responses depending on the parity status of Arabic digits. The results show that precision grip actions were initiated faster in response to small numbers, whereas power grips were initiated faster in response to large numbers. Moreover, analyses of the grasping kinematics reveal an enlarged maximum grip aperture in the presence of large numbers. Reaction time effects remained present when controlling for the number of fingers used while grasping but disappeared when participants pointed to the object. The data indicate a priming of size-related motor features by numerals and support the idea that representations of numbers and actions share common cognitive codes within a generalized magnitude system. 相似文献
790.