The field dependence/independence cognitive style does not control the spatial perception of elevation

Earlier work described the presence of a significant connection between an individual's ability to disregard distracting aspects of a visual field in the classical rod-and-frame test (RFT), in which a subject is required to set a rod so that it will appear vertical in the presence of a square frame that is roll tilted from vertical, and in paper-and-pencil tests, in which the subject is required to find a hidden figure embedded in a more complex figure (the Embedded Figures Test [EFT]; see, e.g., Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962; Witkin et al., 1954; Witkin, Oltman, Raskin, & Karp, 1971). This has led to a belief in the existence of a bipolar dimension of cognitive style that is utilized in such disembedding tasks--namely, the extent to which an individual is dependent on or independent from the influence of a distracting visual field. The influence of an inducing visual field on the perception of elevation measured by the setting of a visual target to appear at eye level (the visually perceived eye level [VPEL] discrimination) has also been found to be correlated with the RFT. We have thus explored the possible involvement of the dependence/independence cognitive style on the VPEL discrimination. Measurements were made on each of 18 subjects (9 of them female, 9 male) setting a small target to the VPEL in the presence of a pitched visual field across a range of six pitches from -30 degrees (topbackward) to +20 degrees (topforward) and on each of three tests generally recognized as tests of cognitive spatial abilities: the EFT, the Gestalt Completion Test, and the Snowy Pictures Test (SPT). Although there were significant pairwise correlations relating performance on the three cognitive tests (+.73, +.48, and +.71), the correlation of each of these three with the slope of the VPEL-versus-pitch function was not significant, as it was with the slope of the perception of visual pitch of the field (PVP)-versus-pitch function. VPEL, PVP, and a cognitive factor separated into three essentially independent factors in a multiple-factor analysis, with the three cognitive tests clustering at the cognitive factor, and with no significant loading on either of the other two factors. From the above considerations and a multiple-factor analytic treatment including additional results from this and other laboratories, we conclude that the cognitive-processing style held to be involved in the performance on the EFT and the perception of vertical as measured by the RFT is not general for egocentric space perception; it does not involve the perception of elevation.     

Response cost and fixed-ratio performance

The effects of several conditions of response cost (response-produced point loss) upon FR 50 performance maintained by 100-point reinforcements were investigated. Post-reinforcement pauses did not appear under no-cost (no points deducted per response) conditions. Such pauses were effected, however, by introducing 5-sec periods of one-point and two-point costs after each reinforcement. Continuous response cost did not affect responding as long as the cost was less than the 100-point reinforcements. Rapid cessation of responding occurred when continuous response cost was made equal to reinforcement.