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951.
Weaver AJ Flannelly KJ Larson DB Stapleton CL Koenig HG 《The journal of pastoral care & counseling : JPCC》2002,56(4):393-403
The authors reviewed the literature on mental health issues among clergy and other religious professionals, using electronic searches of databases of medical (Medline), nursing (CINAHL), psychology (PsycINFO), religious (ATLA), and sociological research (Sociofile). The existing research indicates the Protestant clergy report higher levels of occupational stress than Catholic priests, brothers, or sisters. Catholic sisters repeatedly reported the lowest work-related stress, whereas women rabbis reported the highest stress levels in various studies. Occupational stress appears to be a source of family stress among Protestant clergy--a factor which clergy and their spouses believe the denominational leadership should address. High levels of stress also have been found to be associated with sexual misconduct among clergy. The authors make several recommendations based on these and other findings they report in their review. 相似文献
952.
Stewart H 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2002,62(1):37-52
Balint's important work extended over a period of 40 years in two directions; firstly the development of individual sexuality, and secondly, the development of object relationships, together with their relationship to psychoanalytical technique. He introduced the concept of primary love and was one of the pioneers in the thinking of the interdependence of mother and infant. He extended Ferenczi's work on therapeutic regression, introducing the concepts, among others, of benign and malignant regression, the basic fault, and the states of ocnophilia and philobatism. His applied psychoanalytic work is world famous, particularly the Balint groups for general practitioners and similar groups for marital therapists, social workers, and psychosexual counselors. 相似文献
953.
Line gratings were used to investigate the tactual discrimination thresholds for line frequency. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to discriminate between two gratings, each with a different line frequency. We used four standard frequencies in the eightfold range from 0.5 to 4 lines/cm. Thresholds were found to be constant at about 10.6%. In this experiment, we also measured hand speed and contact force. Hand speed was roughly in the range between 0.12 and 0.44 m/sec; contact force ranged from 0.62 to 2.76 N. In Experiment 2, we determined discrimination thresholds for line frequency transitions within a single grating. We used two frequencies and three transition lengths. The transition length had no effect on the threshold. In a third experiment, line frequency was modulated periodically. Varying the standard frequency and the size of the modulation period was found to have no effect on the discrimination thresholds. We conclude three things. First, Weber fractions for line frequency discrimination decrease as a function of line frequency within the experimental range. Second, discrimination thresholds are not altered by the length of the transition between two adjacent gratings with different line frequencies. And finally, the size of a modulation period in periodically modulated gratings is of no influence on the modulation detection threshold. 相似文献
954.
Seven experiments assessed the hypothesis derived from terror management theory that reminding people of their mortality would increase accessibility of constructs central to their worldview. Experiment 1 found that mortality primes, relative to control primes, increased accessibility of nationalistic constructs for men but not for women. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and also found that mortality salience increased romantic accessibility for women but not for men. Four subsequent experiments supported the role of unconscious death-related ideation in producing these effects. A final experiment demonstrated that situational primes can increase the accessibility of nationalistic constructs for women after mortality salience. The roles of situational cues and individual differences in the effects of exposure to death-related stimuli on worldview-relevant construct accessibility are discussed. 相似文献
955.
956.
Trierweiler SJ Muroff JR Jackson JS Neighbors HW Munday C 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2005,11(4):351-364
This research examined clinicians' consideration of situational factors in diagnostic decisions of mood vs. schizophrenia disorders among psychiatric inpatients from a low-income, African American community. Clinicians completed questionnaires describing their diagnostic decisions. Responses reflecting the usage of situational information were investigated. African American clinicians used situational information more than non-African American clinicians. However, this increased attention to situational information was not uniquely associated with a particular diagnostic decision for African American clinicians. In contrast, consideration of situational attributions by non-African American clinicians did increase the probability of a mood diagnosis. Logistic regression analyses suggested differential application of a diagnostic standard among African American and non-African American clinicians. Implications for enhancing the cultural sensitivity of diagnosis practices are discussed. 相似文献
957.
The integration of spatial maps in pigeons was investigated using a spatial analog to sensory preconditioning. The pigeons were tested in an open-field arena in which they had to locate hidden food among a 4×4 grid of gravel-filled cups. In phase 1, the pigeons were exposed to a consistent spatial relationship (vector) between landmark L (a red L-shaped block of wood), landmark T (a blue T-shaped block of wood) and the hidden food goal. In phase 2, the pigeons were then exposed to landmark T with a different spatial vector to the hidden food goal. Following phase 2, pigeons were tested with trials on which they were presented with only landmark L to examine the potential integration of the phase 1 and 2 vectors via their shared common elements. When these test trials were preceded by phase 1 and phase 2 reminder trials, pigeons searched for the goal most often at a location consistent with their integration of the LT phase 1 and Tphase 2 goal vectors. This result indicates that integration of spatial vectors acquired during phases 1 and 2 allowed the pigeons to compute a novel Lgoal vector. This suggests that spatial maps may be enlarged by successively integrating additional spatial information through the linkage of common elements. 相似文献
958.
Benzodiazepines (BZs) are clinically used as anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and antispasmodic drugs. Research using transgenic mouse models has suggested that the effects of BZs involve multiple subtypes of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor, identified by specific a subunits (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha5). This review discusses the experimental uses of b-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (betaCCT), a drug that binds preferentially to the GABAA alpha1 subtype but exerts no action (ie, is a pharmacologic antagonist at the GABAA alpha1 subtype receptor). betaCCT blocks the anxiolytic-like effects of BZs, although studies in primates suggests this antagonism may reflect multiple receptor populations. betaCCT antagonized the ataxic but not muscle relaxant effects of BZs, a finding that implicates the GABAA alpha1 subtype receptor in ataxia but not muscle relaxation. The potential clinical utility of betaCCT is discussed, both in terms of treatment (ie, hepatic encephalopathy) and as a diagnostic imaging agent. Altogether, these results indicate that subtype-selective antagonists represent a useful approach to studying receptor mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of BZ-type drugs. 相似文献
959.
Zorawski M Cook CA Kuhn CM LaBar KS 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2005,5(2):191-201
It has long been recognized that humans vary in their conditionability, yet the factors that contribute to individual variation
in emotional learning remain to be delineated. The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship among sex,
stress hormones, and fear conditioning in humans. Forty-five healthy adults (22 females) underwent differential delay conditioning,
using fear-relevant conditioned stimuli and a shock unconditioned stimulus. Salivary cortisol samples were taken at baseline
and after acquisition training and a 24-h-delayed retention test. The results showed that acquisition of conditioning significantly
correlated with postacquisition cortisol levels in males, but not in females. This sex-specific relationship was found despite
similar overall levels of conditioning, unconditioned responding, and cortisol. There was no effect of postacquisition cortisol
on consolidation of fear learning in either sex. These findings have implications for the understanding of individual differences
in fear acquisition and risk factors for the development of affective disorders. 相似文献
960.
Hicks JL Marsh RL Cook GI 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(5):1160-1164
The authors conducted 3 experiments investigating the effect of context variability and word frequency on free recall. Context variability refers to the number of pre-experimental contexts in which a given word is experienced. Both between-subjects and within-subjects manipulations of context variability demonstrated a distinct advantage for low context variability words. Standard word frequency effects were obtained in 2 of the 3 experiments, but the common finding of no word frequency differences in mixed lists of high and low word frequency may depend on the level (low vs. high) of context variability. The authors speculate that the advantage for low context variability items may accrue from better item-to-list context associations or better storage of contextual information as a consequence of the smaller pre-experimental contextual fan that these items possess. 相似文献