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Some extensions of the Bradley-Terry-Luce model for paired comparisons are presented and used to assess the existence of a home court advantage for professional basketball teams. It is shown how maximum likelihood estimates for these models can be obtained from a simple iterative scaling algorithm. Won-loss records for the regular season are used to make predictions for playoff series. The models are extended to include possible differences among divisions. These models can be applied in many other situations to incorporate group effects and order effects into analysis of paired comparisons. 相似文献
144.
Two experiments are reported which examined the influence of context on face recognition accuracy for novel and familiar faces
respectively. Context was manipulated by varying the physical background against which the faces appeared. In Experiment I,
80 student subjects observed 18 faces before attempting to recognize them in a sequence of 36 alternatives. For half the subjects,
the backgrounds changed from study to test, while for the remainder they stayed the same. In addition, for half the subjects,
both the pose and expression of the face also changed, while for the others it remained constant. Changes in pose plus expression
and context significantly reduced recognition accuracy for the target faces. Experiment II used an identical design, except
that the faces of celebrities replaced the novel faces. The influence of context was eliminated but the effects of pose and
expression were maintained. However, when only faces which were actually identified by subjects were considered, the effects
of pose and expression, too, were eliminated. The significance of these findings for theories of contextual memory are discussed. 相似文献
145.
Alan M. Lesgold 《Behavior research methods》1982,14(2):224-226
The development and implementation of programs of computer-based instruction for reading are discussed. 相似文献
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Alan E. GROSS Barbara Strudler Wallston Irving M. Piliavin 《Journal of applied social psychology》1979,9(4):297-313
The relevance of social psychological theory for understanding the helping relationship from the recipient's perspective and for designing efficient and humane helping systems is examined. Negative feelings associated with seeking or receiving help may occur when recipients feel threatened with loss of freedom (reactance), interpret their help-seeking as a sign of inadequacy (attribution), or feel uncomfortably indebted (equity). Studies supporting each of these theories, and a program of research which contrasts helper vs. recipient-initiated assistance, are reviewed. Findings suggest that helper-initiated aid leads to higher utilization of services and better recipient feelings. These results are interpreted as supporting attribution in contrast to reactance theory concepts. A field study in a welfare setting extends laboratory findings, and shows that current practice which requires welfare recipients to initiate requests for service may effect savings via lowered requests for service at the expense of recipients who really need help but are inhibited from requesting it. 相似文献
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Theodore M. Dembroski James M. MacDougall J. Alan Herd Jim L. Shields 《Journal of applied social psychology》1979,9(3):209-228
The present study examined the relationship between the Type A coronaryprone behavior pattern and the magnitude of cardiovascular response induced by varying levels of environmental challenge. In a 2 × 2 experimental design, Type A and B (noncoronary-prone) subjects (n= 80) were randomly assigned to either high or low challenge instructional conditions for both the cold pressor (CP) and a choice reaction time task (RT). Overall, across both tasks, Type A subjects responded with greater systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) elevation than Type B subjects. While these differences between the Types tended to be larger in the high challenge condition, some differences were also observed under low challenge. Component analyses of the Pattern revealed that high hostile/competitive Type A's responded to both low and high challenge instructions in the CP and RT tasks with physiologic elevations comparable to that displayed by globally defined Type A's receiving high challenge instructions. The present findings tentatively suggest that (a) high hostile/competitive Type A's respond to even mild challenge with enhanced physiologic response; (b) globally defined A's tend to evidence the physiologic elevations when specifically challenged; and (c) Type B's show much smaller physiologic reactions to such challenges. Consistent with previous research, comparison of Type A assessment techniques revealed that the Rosenman diagnostic interview was a better predictor of physiologic response than other questionnaire methods. Two hypotheses are advanced and future research recommended regarding possible relationships between environment, behavior, physiology, and disease. 相似文献
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