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81.
Evaluating the construct validity of psychopathy in black and white male inmates: three preliminary studies 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Although Black inmates represent almost half the population of United States prisons and have been included in several studies of psychopathy, there appear to be no published studies to date addressing the validity of the psychopathy construct in Black inmates. Three studies were conducted to assess the validity of the construct in Black male inmates using Hare's Psychopathy Checklist (PCL). In Study 1, we examined the internal structure of the PCL and the relation of checklist scores to several constructs relevant to psychopathy. We observed differences between Blacks and Whites in the distribution of psychopathy scores, in the relation of psychopathy to measures of impulsivity, and in the congruence of the underlying factor structure of the PCL. In Study 2, Black psychopaths were found to manifest a pattern of passive avoidance deficits similar but not identical to that reported for White psychopaths in Newman and Kosson's study. Study 3 demonstrated that psychopaths of both races receive more criminal charges in a wider variety of offense categories than do nonpsychopaths. The psychopathy construct appears tentatively applicable to Blacks, although its components may be somewhat different than for Whites. 相似文献
82.
A new approach for evaluating spatial statistical models based on the (random) number 0 ≤ N(i, n) ≤ n of points whose nearest neighbor is i in an ensemble of n + 1 points is discussed. The second moment of N(i, n) offers a measure of the centrality of the ensemble. The asymptotic distribution of N(i, n) and the expected degree of centrality for several spatial and nonspatial point processes is described. The use of centrality as a diagnostic statistic for multidimensional scaling is explored. 相似文献
83.
The effect of fixed, gradually decreasing, or increasing delay of reward in discimination learning on later delay of gratification was investigated. In discrimination training, employing a correction procedure, a candy reward was delivered either after 0, 10, 20, 40 or 60 sec fixed delay; or after 60 sec in the first block of trials and decreased in successive block; or reward was immediate in the first block of trials and delay was gradually increased to 60 sec. In the delay of gratification tests, subjects could press a button immediately to receive a small reward (one candy or a cheap toy) or delay pressing and receive an increasingly larger reward (more candy or a better toy).Learning was not significantly affected by either fixed or decreasing delays. Increasing delays resulted in faster learning than decreasing delays. The increasing delay group demonstrated superior delay of gratification on both tests. Fixed delay groups did not differ significantly among themselves, nor from the decreasing delay group. The effectiveness of exposure to increasing delays in facilitating delay of gratification was interpreted as due to either the acquisition of coping responses or the extinction of frustration. 相似文献
84.
A number of experiments have demonstrated that the learning of braille is affected by a variety of factors. The present experiment was carried out to determine the relative importance of these variables for braille learning. The variables were stimulus set discriminability (high, low), study modality (visual, haptic), test modality (visual, haptic), study size (large vs standard braille cell), test size (large vs standard braille cell), study rate (5 or 10 seconds per item), and test rate (5 or 10 seconds per item). The results showed that study modality, stimulus set discriminability, and test modality were the variables mainly responsible for differences in performance during acquisition. Some practical and theoretical implications of these results are considered. 相似文献
85.
Stanton Newman Peter Smith Tom Treasure Philip Joseph Peter Ell Michael Harrison 《Current Psychology》1987,6(2):115-124
This study examines a series of coronary artery bypass patients (CABS) for neuropsychological and regional cerebral blood
flow (RCBF) changes at 8 days and 8 weeks post surgery. Seventy-three percent were found to have moderate or severe neuropsychological
deficits at 8 days post operation and 37% at 8 weeks post surgery. A comparison group of major vascular and thoracic surgery
patients was also found to have a significant proportion of neuropsychological deficit following surgery. The RCBF assessments
indicated a significant drop in mean RCBF at 8 days post surgery in the coronary artery bypass group which did not persist
to 8 weeks. The comparison group showed no changes in RCBF following surgery. The findings suggest different patterns of recovery
and origins of the neuropsychological deficit in the two groups and emphasize the need for appropriate control groups in studies
examining the cortical effects of extracorporeal circulation.
In addition, the project received generous support from the special trustees of the Middlesex Hospital. 相似文献
86.
Transcendental meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
C N Alexander E J Langer R I Newman H M Chandler J L Davies 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1989,57(6):950-964
Can direct change in state of consciousness through specific mental techniques extend human life and reverse age-related declines? To address this question, 73 residents of 8 homes for the elderly (mean age = 81 years) were randomly assigned among no treatment and 3 treatments highly similar in external structure and expectations: the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program, mindfulness training (MF) in active distinction making, or a relaxation (low mindfulness) program. A planned comparison indicated that the "restful alert" TM group improved most, followed by MF, in contrast to relaxation and no-treatment groups, on paired associate learning; 2 measures of cognitive flexibility; mental health; systolic blood pressure; and ratings of behavioral flexibility, aging, and treatment efficacy. The MF group improved most, followed by TM, on perceived control and word fluency. After 3 years, survival rate was 100% for TM and 87.5% for MF in contrast to lower rates for other groups. 相似文献
87.
88.
Colin V. Newman 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1971,23(2):225-233
A hypothesis derived from J. J. Gibson's psychophysical theory of space perception was tested. Subjects made monocular relative distance judgements by moving a marker to the apparent physical mid-point between two other fixed markers which were placed on a surface along the subjects' line of sight. Judgements were significantly influenced by the texture density gradients of stimulation derived from the surface over which they were made. 相似文献
89.
90.