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101.
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The generality of the levels of processing approach to memory was tested by using chess positions rather than words as stimuli. Experiment 1 compared recall following semantic orienting instructions (find the best move and determine which side has the advantage), formal orienting instructions (determine the number of pieces on light squares and the number of pieces on dark squares), and intentional learning instructions using 19 novice chess players as subjects. Formal orienting instructions produced poorer recall than did either semantic orienting or intentional learning instructions, which yielded similar levels of retention. These results were replicated in Experiment 2 with 16 tournament chess players. Chess rating correlated with recall .82 under semantic orienting instructions but only —.15 under formal orienting instructions. It was concluded that the levels of processing framework has applicability outside the area of verbal learning. 相似文献
103.
William Lane Craig 《Sophia》1993,32(1):1-11
Conclusion In conclusion, then, I think that the refutations proffered by Mackie of thekalām cosmological argument were all too quick and easy. Nor do I think Oppy has succeeded in rehabilitating those refutations. 相似文献
104.
Lane KL Thompson A Reske CL Gable LM Barton-Arwood S 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2006,39(4):459-462
This study examined the outcomes of a competing activities intervention to decrease skin picking exhibited by a 9-year-old student with comorbid diagnoses. Results of an ABCBAB design revealed that the use of student-selected manipulatives resulted in reduced skin picking. 相似文献
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Chunking mechanisms in human learning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gobet F Lane PC Croker S Cheng PC Jones G Oliver I Pine JM 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2001,5(6):236-243
Pioneering work in the 1940s and 1950s suggested that the concept of 'chunking' might be important in many processes of perception, learning and cognition in humans and animals. We summarize here the major sources of evidence for chunking mechanisms, and consider how such mechanisms have been implemented in computational models of the learning process. We distinguish two forms of chunking: the first deliberate, under strategic control, and goal-oriented; the second automatic, continuous, and linked to perceptual processes. Recent work with discrimination-network computational models of long- and short-term memory (EPAM/CHREST) has produced a diverse range of applications of perceptual chunking. We focus on recent successes in verbal learning, expert memory, language acquisition and learning multiple representations, to illustrate the implementation and use of chunking mechanisms within contemporary models of human learning. 相似文献
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These studies examined the relations among performance satisfaction, choice of social comparison targets, and subsequent performance in a classroom setting. Previous research has shown that comparison with high performers helps academic performance. In 2 field studies, this relation was moderated by satisfaction with initial performance. After learning their scores on the first exam of the semester, students indicated their satisfaction with the scores and performance level of someone with whom they would like to compare exams. Comparison with poor performers was beneficial when coupled with dissatisfaction. Dissatisfied students who preferred comparison with poor performers improved over the semester. 相似文献
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