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21.
Psychopathy and lateral preference 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
22.
Two studies are reported on the underlying dimensions of the psychopathy construct in adolescents as measured by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL: YV; Forth, Kosson, & Hare, 2003). In Study 1, the PCL: YV item ratings for 505 male adolescents incarcerated in 5 different settings in North America were used to test the fit of 3 models that have been hypothesized to represent the structure of psychopathy in adults. A 4th model based on parceling PCL: YV items was also tested. In Study 2, these models were tested with a sample of 233 male adolescents incarcerated in 2 facilities in the United Kingdom. Model fit results indicated that the 18-item 4-factor model developed by Hare (2003) and a modified version of a 13-item 3-factor model developed by Cooke and Michie (2001) were associated with generally good fit. Because the 4-factor model is a less saturated model than the 3-factor model (better parameter to data point ratio), it survived a riskier test of disconfirmation. Implications for the nature of psychopathy in youth are discussed. 相似文献
23.
Hare JE 《Christian scholar's review》1994,23(3):259-266
John E. Hare responds to Cameron's article by challenging the adequacy of the Hippocratic Oath as a basis for ethical medicine. The Oath promoted a "guild mentality" that is evident, for example, in modern medicine's resistance to alternative forms of practice. Christians need to "winnow" bioethical views, both those traditionally honored and those that confront us because of new medical developments. 相似文献
24.
The results of three experiments are reported. In the main study, a human experimenter presented domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) with a variety of social cues intended to indicate the location of hidden food. The novel findings of this study were: (1)
dogs were able to use successfully several totally novel cues in which they watched a human place a marker in front of the
target location; (2) dogs were unable to use the marker by itself with no behavioral cues (suggesting that some form of human
behavior directed to the target location was a necessary part of the cue); and (3) there were no significant developments
in dogs’ skills in these tasks across the age range 4 months to 4 years (arguing against the necessity of extensive learning
experiences with humans). In a follow-up study, dogs did not follow human gaze into “empty space” outside of the simulated
foraging context. Finally, in a small pilot study, two arctic wolves (Canis lupus) were unable to use human cues to locate hidden food. These results suggest the possibility that domestic dogs have evolved
an adaptive specialization for using human-produced directional cues in a goal-directed (especially foraging) context. Exactly
how they understand these cues is still an open question.
Received: 28 April 2000 / Accepted after revision: 2 September 2000 相似文献
25.
Can competitive paradigms increase the validity of experiments on primate social cognition? 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Brian Hare 《Animal cognition》2001,4(3-4):269-280
Experiments vary in their ability to distinguish between competing hypotheses. In tests on primate cognition the majority
of this variation is due to an experimenter's ability to test primates in valid settings while providing the adequate amount
of experimental control. While experimenters studying primate cognition can use methods of control perfected in captivity,
it is still very unclear how to design and then objectively evaluate the external validity of new experimental paradigms.
I recommend that more effort be allocated to specify how to create relevant test settings for primates. Primate social life
is highly competitive. This means that all aspects of primates themselves, including their cognitive abilities, have likely
been shaped by the need to out-compete conspecifics. Based on this hypothesis, sophisticated cognitive abilities of primates
might best be demonstrated in competitive contexts. Thus, it is suggested that one possible measure of validity is whether
investigators integrate a competitive component into their experimental designs. To evaluate this methodological prediction
I review the literature on chimpanzee perspective-taking as a case study including several recent studies that include a competitive
component in their experimental designs.
Accepted after revision: 8 April 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
26.
From Nonhuman to Human Mind: What Changed and Why? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Brian Hare 《Current directions in psychological science》2007,16(2):60-64
ABSTRACT— Two questions regarding the human mind challenge evolutionary theory: (a) What features of human psychology have changed since humans' lineage split from that of the other apes such as chimpanzees and bonobos? And (b) what was the process by which such derived psychological features evolved (e.g., what were the selection pressures)? I review some of the latest research on chimpanzee and canine psychology that allows inferences to be made regarding these questions. 相似文献
27.
In studies of language, it is widely accepted that the form of a word is independent of its meaning and syntactic category. Thus, the relationship between phonological form and grammatical class would not be expected to affect reading time. However, Farmer et al. have now shown that the phonological typicality of a noun or verb influences how rapidly it is read. This finding has implications for both sentence processing and the interpretation of fixation patterns in reading. 相似文献
28.
29.
Evolutionary theories suggest that ecology is a major factor shaping cognition in primates. However, there have been few systematic tests of spatial memory abilities involving multiple primate species. Here, we examine spatial memory skills in four strepsirrhine primates that vary in level of frugivory: ruffed lemurs (Varecia sp.), ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz), and Coquerel’s sifakas (Propithecus coquereli). We compare these species across three studies targeting different aspects of spatial memory: recall after a long-delay, learning mechanisms supporting memory and recall of multiple locations in a complex environment. We find that ruffed lemurs, the most frugivorous species, consistently showed more robust spatial memory than the other species across tasks—especially in comparison with sifakas, the most folivorous species. We discuss these results in terms of the importance of considering both ecological and social factors as complementary explanations for the evolution of primate cognitive skills. 相似文献
30.
Rachna B. Reddy Christopher Krupenye Evan L. MacLean Brian Hare 《Animal cognition》2016,19(5):889-898
Among some haplorhine primates, including humans, relaxed yawns spread contagiously. Such contagious yawning has been linked to social bonds and empathy in some species. However, no studies have investigated contagious yawning in strepsirhines. We conducted an experimental study of contagious yawning in strepsirhines, testing ring-tailed and ruffed lemurs (n = 24) in a paradigm similar to one that has induced contagious yawning in haplorhines. First, in a control experiment, we investigated whether lemurs responded to projected video content in general (experiment 1). We showed them two videos to which we expected differential responses: one featured a terrestrial predator and the other a caretaker holding food. Next, to test for yawn contagion, we showed individual lemurs life-size video projections of groupmates and conspecific strangers yawning, and control footage of the same individuals at rest (experiment 2). Then, to examine whether a group context might enhance or allow for contagion, we exposed subjects to the same videos in a group setting (experiment 3). Lemurs produced alarm vocalizations and moved upward while viewing the predator, but not the caretaker, demonstrating that they do perceive video content meaningfully. However, lemurs did not yawn in response to yawning stimuli when tested alone, or with their groupmates. This study provides preliminary evidence that lemurs do not respond to yawning stimuli similarly to haplorhines, and suggests that this behavior may have evolved or become more exaggerated in haplorhines after the two major primate lineages split. 相似文献