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111.
Susan M. Garnsey Michael K. Tanenhaus Robert M. Chapman 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1989,18(1):51-60
Evoked brain potentials were used to monitor moment-by-moment decisions during language comprehension. Subjects read sentences containing temporary syntactic ambiguities for which one of the possible interpretations was semantically implausible. The N400 component of the evoked potential, which is sensitive to implausibility, was used to discover when during a sentence subjects made a decision about the ambiguity. The results demonstrate that readers try to interpret a syntactic ambiguity early in a sentence rather than waiting for disambiguating information. This introduces a new way to use brain activity to study sentence comprehension processes. 相似文献
112.
A neuroscience model of stuttering 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
H.B. Nudelman K.E. Herbrich B.D. Hoyt D.B. Rosenfield 《Journal of Fluency Disorders》1989,14(6):399-427
Using motor control systems analysis and a reductionist approach, we provide a unified model of stuttering. This model views stuttering as a momentary instability in a complex multiloop control system. The model predicts the temporal conditions under which this instability will occur. Furthermore, these temporal conditions account for the efficacy of fluency-evoking maneuvers, therapy, and the variability of speech output in stutterers. 相似文献
113.
A Brookes K A Stevens 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1989,15(3):479-484
Subjects were asked to compare the relative depths of two binocular targets embedded in different random dot stereogram backgrounds. The disparities of the background points were either randomized, corresponding to a scattering of points within a volume, or arranged according to a sawtooth (triangle-wave) disparity profile (i.e., a set of slanted planar surfaces separated by sharp depth discontinuities). When the targets were embedded in the random volume, their depths were perceived in accordance with their relative disparities. But when the target points were embedded in the sawtooth surfaces their depths were systematically misperceived in a manner predicted by the incorrect depth interpretation of the background points. Rather than seeing a sawtooth pattern, the background points resembled a staircase in depth, and the targets, which appeared embedded in different steps, were misjudged in depth accordingly. The effect suggests a distinction between the depth processing of isolated binocular features and those associated with continuous surfaces. 相似文献
114.
A componential model for mental addition 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
K F Widaman D C Geary P Cormier T D Little 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1989,15(5):898-919
A componential model capable of representing simple and complex forms of mental addition was proposed and then tested by using chronometric techniques. A sample of 23 undergraduate students responded to 800 addition problems in a true-false reaction time paradigm. The 800 problems comprised 200 problems of each of four types: two single-digit addends, one single- and one double-digit addend, two double-digit addends, and three single-digit addends. The results revealed that the columnwise product of addends, a structural variable consistent with a memory network retrieval process, was the best predictor of mental addition for each of the four types of problem. Importantly, the componential model allowed estimation of effects of several other structural variables, e.g., carrying to the next column and speed of encoding of digits. High levels of explained variance verified the power of the model to represent the reaction time data, and the stability of estimates across types of problem implied consistent component use by subjects. Implications for research on mental addition are discussed. 相似文献
115.
Base-rate effects in category learning: a comparison of parallel network and memory storage-retrieval models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W K Estes J A Campbell N Hatsopoulos J B Hurwitz 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1989,15(4):556-571
Exemplar-memory and adaptive network models were compared in application to category learning data, with special attention to base rate effects on learning and transfer performance. Subjects classified symptom charts of hypothetical patients into disease categories, with informative feedback on learning trials and with the feedback either given or withheld on test trials that followed each fourth of the learning series. The network model proved notably accurate and uniformly superior to the exemplar model in accounting for the detailed course of learning; both the parallel, interactive aspect of the network model and its particular learning algorithm contribute to this superiority. During learning, subjects' performance reflected both category base rates and feature (symptom) probabilities in a nearly optimal manner, a result predicted by both models, though more accurately by the network model. However, under some test conditions, the data showed substantial base-rate neglect, in agreement with Gluck and Bower (1988b). 相似文献
116.
117.
DARRYL K. LOIACANO 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1989,68(1):21-25
There is little available literature on gay and lesbian identity among Black Americans. This exploratory study involved interviewing a total of six Black-American gay men and lesbian women regarding gay identity development issues. Data pertaining to the interviewees' experiences of gay identity development were obtained through a questionnaire of six open-ended questions and an interview with each participant lasting 1 to 2 hours. This article presents some of the significant challenges faced by those who were interviewed regarding their sense of self-acceptance, both as Blacks in the predominantly White gay and lesbian community and as gay men and lesbian women in the predominantly heterosexual Black community. The implications of these issues for future research and counseling intervention are discussed. In this article the term gay identity is generally used in reference to both men and women. When women are being discussed exclusively, however, the term lesbian identity is used. 相似文献
118.
Relationship of severity of dementia to caregiving stressors 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In studies of individual differences and longitudinal changes in stress and coping among dementia caregivers, assessing severity of patient impairment is critically important. It is proposed that with the progression of dementia, cognitive impairment may steadily increase, but other stressful behavioral symptoms peak at various stages of dementia. Cross-sectional data from 49 caregiving families and longitudinal follow-up data from 48 families suggest that instrumental self-care deficits begin early in dementia, and basic self-care deficits increase with dementia severity, but that many distressing behavioral symptoms decrease in late dementia. Assessments of dementia patient severity should be multidimensional, and increases and decreases in various dementia patient stressors over time should be considered as factors influencing caregiver coping. 相似文献
119.
120.
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, which created the U.S. Sentencing Commission, required that the commisson consider prison capacity in drafting sentencing guidelines. As part of the commission's efforts to meet this requirement, we developed a computer simulation capable of projecting the impact of the commission's guidelines on future sentences and prison populations. According to our projections, “straight” probation sentences will be reduced significantly under the guidelines. However, reducing the use of probation will generate only modest demands on the prisons, and then mostly for community corrections phased in over the course of 5 years. We also project that, while average time served for violent offenses will increase substantially, average time served for most property crimes will remain largely the same. Finally, while we forecast that federal prison populations will grow markedly by the end of this century, this is more a result of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the career offender provision of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 than a result of the guidelines. 相似文献