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Les différences culturelles dans la mesure de la réussite scolaire: un problème pour les psychologies. — La “culture éducative”, C'est-à-dire le système standard de formation et d'évaluation, peut varier considérablement d'un pays à L'autre. La recherche interculturelle devrait utiliser les découvertes faites par la psychologie expérimentale en matière de processus d'apprentissage pour résoudre les problèmes de L'évaluation des niveaux d'instruction. Les comparaisons interculturelles portant sur L'intelligence et la réussite scolaire doivent prendre en considération les différences qui se manifestent dans L'acquisition des capacités particulières impliquées dans les tests. C'est ainsi, par exemple, qu'une comparaison expérimentale d'étudiants américains et israéliens portant sur la rétention d'un matériel symbolique et d'un matériel significatif, et utilisant un test subjectif de reconstruction (écrire un essai) et un test objectif de reconnaissance à choix multiple, a fait apparaître une performance supérieure des étudiants israéliens dans les deux types de tâches. Puisqu'il n'y a aucune raison de supposer que les étudiants américains testés sont globalement moins intelligents que les étudiants israèliens, les AA pensent que les écarts observés sont relatifs aux différences dans les pratiques éducatives et les manières de tester des deux pays: les Américains tendent à mettre L'accent sur les tests objectifs (reconnaissance) tandis que les israéliens utilisent davantage les tests de type subjectif (écrire un essai, reconstruction). Apparemment, les étudiants qui réussissent les tâches de reconstruction peuvent réussir aussi bien les tâches impliquant une reconnaissance, mais L'inverse n'est pas forcément vrai. Puisque la mémoire joue un rôle important dans la performance aux tests de réussite scolaire et dans la plupart des tests d'intelligence, on ne doit pas négliger les différences interculturelles qui apparaissent dans la rétention et dans la mesure de la rétention. 相似文献
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A family therapist working with a religious family should be aware of its religious dynamics which, as part of the family's overriding belief system, influence coping mechanisms. We discuss here some of the dynamics within a traditional Jewish family following a death, including traditional and specially constructed therapeutic rituals. 相似文献
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Cort W. Rudolph Michael B. Harari Levi R.G. Nieminen 《Journal of applied social psychology》2015,45(10):541-560
Research regarding the influence of dynamic performance characteristics on performance ratings suggests that raters are remarkably susceptible to observed trends in performance over time, such that systematic trends or patterns in performance can have an undue influence on how performance is evaluated. However, research in this domain has not fully explained how dynamic performance characteristics influence performance judgments. Drawing on attribution theory, we introduce a model whereby the impact of dynamic performance characteristics on subsequent performance judgments occurs through attributions for performance. Then, in three experimental studies, we show that dynamic performance characteristics influence attributions for performance, which in turn affect performance ratings. 相似文献
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Noémie Faure Stéphanie Habersaat Mathilde Morisod Harari Carole Müller-Nix Ayala Borghini François Ansermet Jean-François Tolsa Sébastien Urben 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2017,45(4):671-680
Compared with full-terms, preterm individuals are more at risk from infancy to adulthood for developing internalizing symptoms. Early maternal interactive behavior, especially maternal sensitivity, has been found to be a resilience factor in the developmental outcome of preterm children. The present longitudinal study aimed at examining whether early interactive parenting behaviors have a long term impact on the internalizing symptoms of preterm-born young adolescents. A total sample of 36 very preterm and 22 full-term children participated in an 11-year follow-up study. Maternal interactive behavior was assessed during a mother–infant interaction when the infant was 18 months old. At 11 years, internalizing symptoms were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the interaction between groups (preterm/full-term) and maternal sensitivity at 18 months significantly explained CBCL internalizing symptoms at 11 years (β = ?0.526; p < 0.05). Specifically, although prematurity was related to internalizing problems, preterm children with higher maternal sensitivity did not differ from their full-term-born peers on the CBCL internalizing problems domain. These results suggest that maternal sensitivity is a long-term resilience factor preventing the development of internalizing problems at early adolescence in very preterm individuals. 相似文献
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Smartphones are pervasive companions to many people as they go about their daily lives. In addition, they are equipped with a wide array of sensors making it possible to measure objective information about people and situations, many times, with great fidelity, over long periods of time, in a way that is both unobtrusive and ecologically valid. Therefore, we argue that smartphones and other forms of mobile sensing are ideally suited to measuring situations. In particular, we describe how sensing methods can be used to assess situational cues, characteristics and classes. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
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