Family therapy after a death in the traditional Jewish family

A family therapist working with a religious family should be aware of its religious dynamics which, as part of the family's overriding belief system, influence coping mechanisms. We discuss here some of the dynamics within a traditional Jewish family following a death, including traditional and specially constructed therapeutic rituals.     

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN MEASURING EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT: A CHALLENGE TO PSYCHOLOGY

Les différences culturelles dans la mesure de la réussite scolaire: un problème pour les psychologies. — La “culture éducative”, C'est-à-dire le système standard de formation et d'évaluation, peut varier considérablement d'un pays à L'autre. La recherche interculturelle devrait utiliser les découvertes faites par la psychologie expérimentale en matière de processus d'apprentissage pour résoudre les problèmes de L'évaluation des niveaux d'instruction. Les comparaisons interculturelles portant sur L'intelligence et la réussite scolaire doivent prendre en considération les différences qui se manifestent dans L'acquisition des capacités particulières impliquées dans les tests. C'est ainsi, par exemple, qu'une comparaison expérimentale d'étudiants américains et israéliens portant sur la rétention d'un matériel symbolique et d'un matériel significatif, et utilisant un test subjectif de reconstruction (écrire un essai) et un test objectif de reconnaissance à choix multiple, a fait apparaître une performance supérieure des étudiants israéliens dans les deux types de tâches. Puisqu'il n'y a aucune raison de supposer que les étudiants américains testés sont globalement moins intelligents que les étudiants israèliens, les AA pensent que les écarts observés sont relatifs aux différences dans les pratiques éducatives et les manières de tester des deux pays: les Américains tendent à mettre L'accent sur les tests objectifs (reconnaissance) tandis que les israéliens utilisent davantage les tests de type subjectif (écrire un essai, reconstruction). Apparemment, les étudiants qui réussissent les tâches de reconstruction peuvent réussir aussi bien les tâches impliquant une reconnaissance, mais L'inverse n'est pas forcément vrai. Puisque la mémoire joue un rôle important dans la performance aux tests de réussite scolaire et dans la plupart des tests d'intelligence, on ne doit pas négliger les différences interculturelles qui apparaissent dans la rétention et dans la mesure de la rétention.     

The effect of performance trend on performance ratings occurs through observer attributions,but depends on performance variability

Research regarding the influence of dynamic performance characteristics on performance ratings suggests that raters are remarkably susceptible to observed trends in performance over time, such that systematic trends or patterns in performance can have an undue influence on how performance is evaluated. However, research in this domain has not fully explained how dynamic performance characteristics influence performance judgments. Drawing on attribution theory, we introduce a model whereby the impact of dynamic performance characteristics on subsequent performance judgments occurs through attributions for performance. Then, in three experimental studies, we show that dynamic performance characteristics influence attributions for performance, which in turn affect performance ratings.     

Maternal Sensitivity: a Resilience Factor against Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adolescents Born Very Preterm?

Compared with full-terms, preterm individuals are more at risk from infancy to adulthood for developing internalizing symptoms. Early maternal interactive behavior, especially maternal sensitivity, has been found to be a resilience factor in the developmental outcome of preterm children. The present longitudinal study aimed at examining whether early interactive parenting behaviors have a long term impact on the internalizing symptoms of preterm-born young adolescents. A total sample of 36 very preterm and 22 full-term children participated in an 11-year follow-up study. Maternal interactive behavior was assessed during a mother–infant interaction when the infant was 18 months old. At 11 years, internalizing symptoms were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the interaction between groups (preterm/full-term) and maternal sensitivity at 18 months significantly explained CBCL internalizing symptoms at 11 years (β = ?0.526; p < 0.05). Specifically, although prematurity was related to internalizing problems, preterm children with higher maternal sensitivity did not differ from their full-term-born peers on the CBCL internalizing problems domain. These results suggest that maternal sensitivity is a long-term resilience factor preventing the development of internalizing problems at early adolescence in very preterm individuals.     

Personality Research and Assessment in the Era of Machine Learning

The increasing availability of high-dimensional, fine-grained data about human behaviour, gathered from mobile sensing studies and in the form of digital footprints, is poised to drastically alter the way personality psychologists perform research and undertake personality assessment. These new kinds and quantities of data raise important questions about how to analyse the data and interpret the results appropriately. Machine learning models are well suited to these kinds of data, allowing researchers to model highly complex relationships and to evaluate the generalizability and robustness of their results using resampling methods. The correct usage of machine learning models requires specialized methodological training that considers issues specific to this type of modelling. Here, we first provide a brief overview of past studies using machine learning in personality psychology. Second, we illustrate the main challenges that researchers face when building, interpreting, and validating machine learning models. Third, we discuss the evaluation of personality scales, derived using machine learning methods. Fourth, we highlight some key issues that arise from the use of latent variables in the modelling process. We conclude with an outlook on the future role of machine learning models in personality research and assessment.     

Investigating the Relationships Between Mobility Behaviours and Indicators of Subjective Well-Being Using Smartphone-Based Experience Sampling and GPS Tracking

People interact with their physical environments every day by visiting different places and moving between them. Such mobility behaviours likely influence and are influenced by people's subjective well-being. However, past research examining the links between mobility behaviours and well-being has been inconclusive. Here, we provide a comprehensive investigation of these relationships by examining individual differences in two types of mobility behaviours (movement patterns and places visited) and their relationship to six indicators of subjective well-being (depression, loneliness, anxiety, stress, affect, and energy) at two different temporal levels of analysis (two-week tendencies and daily level). Using data from a large smartphone-based longitudinal study (N = 1765), we show that (i) movement patterns assessed via GPS data (distance travelled, entropy, and irregularity) and (ii) places visited assessed via experience sampling reports (home, work, and social places) are associated with subjective well-being at the between and within person levels. Our findings suggest that distance travelled is related to anxiety, affect, and stress, irregularity is related to depression and loneliness, and spending time in social places is negatively associated with loneliness. We discuss the implications of our work and highlight directions for future research on the generalizability to other populations as well as the characteristics of places. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology