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32.
In previous studies that have tried to extinguish conditioned inhibition through nonreinforced presentations of the inhibitor,
researchers have repeatedly failed to find evidence for such extinction. The present study revealed that extinction can be
achieved through nonreinforcement of the inhibitor, depending on properties of the reinforcer. In a human causal learning
experiment, we found complete extinction in a scenario in which the reinforcer could take on negative values. Thereby, this
scenario reflected the assumed symmetrical continuum on which associative strength can vary, according to the Rescorla-Wagner
theory of associative learning. In contrast to this, the inhibitory cue retained its inhibitory potential in another condition,
in which the scenario did not allow negative values of the reinforcer. nt]mis|Klaus G. Melchers has previously published under
the surname “Lober.” Susann Wolff is now working at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig,
Germany 相似文献
33.
High synaptic concentrations of dopamine and/or norepinephrine can impair the working memory function of the prefrontal cortex and impede attention and learning. Methylphenidate, a dopamine and norepinephrine transporter blocker known to facilitate these cognitive processes at low doses, was hypothesized to interfere with memory storage at doses that may raise concentrations of these neurotransmitters to systemically disruptive levels. In the present experiments, a dose of 10.0mg/kg of this drug was administered to female and male Long-Evans rats using a novel oral administration procedure designed to model the normal mode of delivery to humans. It was found to interfere with single-trial memory acquisition in a delayed object recognition test, a spontaneous learning task that involves no appetitive or aversive motivator. The time that the rats spent in overt exploration of the to-be-remembered objects during the acquisition trial was not affected, suggesting that the drug may have impaired processes of memory formation independently of interference with attention. 相似文献
34.
Harald Grimen 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(1):47-61
A weak and a strong version of discourse theory can be distinguished. In the strong version the only source of normative validity in the nonspecific sense is rational consensus, where all parties concerned accept a norm for the same reasons, which are rationally convincing in the same way for all. In the weak version both rational and overlapping consensus can be sources of validity in the nonspecific sense. It is argued that the weak version is the more adequate, since it can accommodate cases which the strong version cannot, and which it is unreasonable to view as cases of compromise. Discourse theory needs a weaker general discourse principle and a more flexible notion of normative consensus than is found in Habermas's Between Facts and Norms (1996). 相似文献
35.
There are some problems concerning the concepts of trauma-related disorders and especially the category of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with respect to classification, diagnosis and epidemiological findings, which can only be understood within the historical framework of the development. Even current diagnostic systems, such as the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders version 4 (DSM-IV) and the international classification of diseases version 10 (ICD-10) differ in the classification of these disorders which led to higher prevalence rates being achieved with ICD-10. The diagnostic algorithms have been opened to included subsyndromal PTSD as well as complex PTSD including more severe psychiatric disorders. 相似文献
36.
Thomas Meyer Tom Smeets Timo Giesbrecht Conny W. E. M. Quaedflieg Marta M. Girardelli Georgina R. N. Mackay Harald Merckelbach 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2013,13(1):186-196
The dual-representation model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Brewin, Gregory, Lipton, & Burgess, Psychological Review, 117, 210-232 2010) argues that intrusions occur when people fail to construct context-based representations during adverse experiences. The present study tested a specific prediction flowing from this model. In particular, we investigated whether the efficiency of temporal-lobe-based spatial configuration learning would account for individual differences in intrusive experiences and physiological reactivity in the laboratory. Participants (N = 82) completed the contextual cuing paradigm, which assesses spatial configuration learning that is believed to depend on associative encoding in the parahippocampus. They were then shown a trauma film. Afterward, startle responses were quantified during presentation of trauma reminder pictures versus unrelated neutral and emotional pictures. PTSD symptoms were recorded in the week following participation. Better configuration learning performance was associated with fewer perceptual intrusions, r = ?.33, p < .01, but was unrelated to physiological responses to trauma reminder images (ps > .46) and had no direct effect on intrusion-related distress and overall PTSD symptoms, rs > ?.12, ps > .29. However, configuration learning performance tended to be associated with reduced physiological responses to unrelated negative images, r = ?.20, p = .07. Thus, while spatial configuration learning appears to be unrelated to affective responding to trauma reminders, our overall findings support the idea that the context-based memory system helps to reduce intrusions. 相似文献
37.
Doris Fay Harald Lührmann 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2013,22(2):113-119
Research in leadership effectiveness has paid less attention to the role of leader fairness than probably it should have. More recently, this has started to change. To capture this development, we review the empirical literature in leadership and fairness to define the field of leadership and fairness, to assess the state of the art, and to identify a research agenda for future efforts in the field. The review shows that leader distributive, procedural, and especially interactional fairness are positively associated with criteria of leadership effectiveness. More scarce and scattered evidence also suggests that fairness considerations help explain the effectiveness of other aspects of leadership, and that leader fairness and other aspects of leadership, or the leadership context, may interact in predicting leadership effectiveness. We conclude that future research should especially focus on interaction effects of leader fairness and other aspects of leadership, and on the processes mediating these effects. 相似文献
38.
A fruitless debate as to whether dystonias are an organic or psychogenic condition has dominated the scientific approach to psychiatric issues in dystonias. E.g., spasmodic torticollis (ST) was once considered “neurotic”, whereas today rather the notion of reactive psychiatric disorders in ST prevails. In our review current clinical and etiological findings in this area are presented focussed on spasmodic torticollis in order to discuss the extent and quality of psychiatric comorbidity as well as the interaction between psychological and somatic factors. Finally, typical clinical cases are presented and discussed within a multidimensional psychotherapeutic and a psychoanalytically-oriented treatment approach. 相似文献
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