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201.
The non-associative account of phobic etiology assumes that a number of specific fears (e.g., fear of heights, water, spiders, strangers, and separation) have an evolutionary background and may occur in the absence of learning experiences (e.g., conditioning). By this view, these specific fears pertain to stimuli that once posed a challenge to the survival of our prehistoric ancestors. Accordingly, they would emerge spontaneously during the course of normal development and only in a minority of individuals, these specific fears would persist into adulthood. While the non-associative approach has generated interesting findings, several critical points can be raised. First, it capitalizes on negative findings, i.e., the failure to document learning experiences (e.g., conditioning, modeling) in the history of phobic children. Second, it largely ignores factors that have been found to be crucial for the acquisition of early childhood fears (e.g., the developmental level of the child, stimulus characteristics such as novelty, aversiveness, and unpredictability, and early experience with uncontrollable events). As an alternative to the non-associative account, we briefly describe a multifactorial model of childhood fears and phobias. 相似文献
202.
Weyerts H Penke M Münte TF Heinze HJ Clahsen H 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2002,31(3):211-268
We examine the question of whether the human comprehension device exhibits word-order preferences during on-line sentence comprehension. The focus is on the positioning of finite verbs and auxiliaries relative to subjects and objects in German. Results from three experiments (using self-paced reading and event-related brain potentials) show that native speakers of German prefer to process finite verbs in second position (i.e., immediately after the subject and before the object). We will account for this order preference in terms of the relative processing costs associated with SVfO and SOVf. Our finding that word-order preferences play an important role in the on-line comprehension of German sentences is compatible with results from previous studies on English and other languages. 相似文献
203.
Harald -Edwin Schmidt 《Psychological research》1964,27(4):307-322
Summary The narrowing of the visual field with an increase in distance between a person and a pre-set fixation point was investigated with 20 persons under stable background and with 10 persons under moving background conditions. Optical stimuli were introduced from the periphery and readings were taken at the limit of sharp perception of the figure by the subject. The Aubert-Foerster phenomenon, the easier recognition of small, near objects compared with larger, more distant objects subtending the same visual angle, was used as a starting point. The subjects were equally divided into high and low anxiety groups on the basis of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale.The Aubert-Foerster phenomenon does exist in both experimental situations, under conditions of stable and moving background.Differences in visual angles and in amount of Aubert-Foerster phenomenon are found for the high and low anxiety groups under both experimental conditions.Under conditions of moving background with a centrally imposed task both experimental groups show greater narrowing of the visual angle than they did when exposed to stable background; on the contrary, the visual angle becomes increased when the centrally located task becomes simplified.
Dr. Mangans help in the collection of the data and his advice were greatly appreciated. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Der Winkel zwischen der Blickrichtung und der Sehrichtung, bei welchem ein peripher dargebotener Gegenstand eben erkannt wird, nimmt bei gleichbleibender Größe des Netzhautbildes ab, wenn der Beobachtungsabstand vergrößert wird: Aubert-Foerster-Phänomen.Dieses Phänomen stellt den Ausgangspunkt vorliegender Arbeit dar, in der 30 Versuchspersonen herangezogen wurden, um die Frage nach der Gesichtsfeldeinengung mittels peripher vor unbewegtem und bewegtem Hintergrund einwandernder Figuren zu untersuchen. Die Versuchspersonen in den beiden Versuchsklassen wurden nach Taylors Manifest Anxiety Scale in Gruppen von hohem und niedrigem Anxiety-Wert zusammengefaßt.Das Aubert-Foerster-Phänomen tritt in beiden Versuchssituationen auf, d.h. beim Fixieren der Figuren vor dem bewegten als auch dem unbewegten Hintergrund.Für die hohen und niedrigen Anxiety-Gruppen bestehen in beiden Versuchsklassen Unterschiede hinsichtlich der nach dem Aubert-Foerster-Phänomen zu erwartenden Winkelgröße.Bei den Versuchen vor bewegtem Hintergrund wird der experimentell bestimmte Winkel größer als der theoretisch erwartete, wenn die Anzahl der Reize vermindert, d. h. die Aufgabe vereinfacht wird. Es besteht offenbar eine direkte Beziehung zwischen der geforderten Aufmerksamkeit an der Stelle deutlichsten Sehens und der peripheren Sehleistung.
Dr. Mangans help in the collection of the data and his advice were greatly appreciated. 相似文献
204.
Storage and integration in the processing of filler-gap dependencies: an ERP study of topicalization and wh-movement in German 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during the processing of unambiguous German sentences containing different types of filler-gap dependency. Both topicalization constructions and wh-questions were found to elicit a left-anterior negativity (LAN) prior to the processing of the subcategorizing verb, relative to a gap-free control condition. At the subcategorizing verb, sentences containing a wh-dependency produced a parietal positivity (P600) relative to topicalization structures. These results support the claim that separable parsing processes are involved in the processing of syntactic dependencies, with working memory based processes being reflected in an LAN, and the relative difficulty of integrating the filler with its subcategorizer reflected in a P600. Integration cost but not memory cost was found to be influenced by the type of filler-gap dependency involved. 相似文献
205.
The current study examined to what extent war memories of Dutch survivors of Japanese/Indonesian concentration camps display characteristics that are often believed to be typical for traumatic memories. Twenty-nine survivors were interviewed about amnesia, flashbacks, nightmares and the sensory quality of their most upsetting war memories. In addition, they completed self-report scales measuring post-traumatic stress symptoms and dissociation. In contrast to prevailing notions, amnesia, flashbacks and nightmares were not typical for this sample. Neither were traumatic memories characterized by a particularly strong sensory loading. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were not related to dissociative experiences. At least for this group of aging survivors, it appears that the pathogenic potential of traumatic memories has more to do with their extremely aversive content than with a qualitatively different type of organization of these memories. 相似文献
206.
Judges and lawyers often consider inconsistent testimonies to be inaccurate. We addressed this assumption by asking undergraduate students on 2 occasions to write detailed accounts of violent movie fragments they had seen. These accounts were evaluated in terms of accuracy, completeness, and consistency. Experiment 1 showed that accounts tended to be accurate. Moreover, first accounts were marginally more complete than second accounts. The number of inconsistencies between the 2 accounts was not significantly related to their accuracy. Experiment 2 sought to replicate these findings using a more emotionally upsetting movie fragment. Results were highly similar to those of Experiment 1 in that accounts tended to be accurate but incomplete. Inconsistencies were not significantly related to the accuracy of participants' accounts. In line with previous research, we found that accounts of emotional events can be highly accurate but tend to be incomplete. More importantly, inconsistencies cannot be seen as valid predictors of testimonial inaccuracy. 相似文献
207.
Correlations between scores on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale and a number of relevant personality characteristics, i.e., intelligence, memory, social inadequacy, social desirability, and fantasy proneness, were examined in a sample of 71 delinquent boys. Analysis showed that intelligence and memory were negatively related to suggestibility scores. That is, lower memory and intelligence were associated with higher suggestibility. No significant correlations were found between suggestibility and other personality characteristics. 相似文献
208.
Kathryn M. Peterson Vivian F. Ibaez Valerie M. Volkert Jason R. Zeleny Christopher W. Engler Cathleen C. Piazza 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2021,54(1):6-24
The COVID‐19 global health crisis compelled behavior analysts to consider alternatives to face‐to‐face services to treat children with feeding disorders. Research suggests telehealth is one method behavior analysts could use to initiate or continue assessment of and treatment for feeding disorders. In the current paper, we conducted pilot studies in which we analyzed chart records of patients with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder; who graduated from an intensive, day‐treatment program; and transitioned to an outpatient follow‐up program. In Experiment 1, we analyzed the data of participants who received follow‐up both in‐clinic and via telehealth. In Experiment 2, we analyzed goal attainment for participants who received outpatient follow‐up either in‐clinic exclusively or via telehealth exclusively. Results of both studies showed that outcomes were equivalent along most dimensions for in‐clinic and telehealth services. We provide recommendations for telehealth feeding services and discuss other considerations relevant to telehealth service delivery. 相似文献
209.
Harald Beier 《Deviant behavior》2018,39(3):363-379
Using five waves of unique space-time budget data, this study investigates the relevance of peer presence and behavior on adolescents’ alcohol consumption at a situational level, addressing to which degree these situational peer effects are moderated by the setting and by individual differences. Multilevel models, predicting the probability of alcohol consumption in a given hour, show that peers’ alcohol misuse is most relevant during unstructured activities while unsupervised. However, individuals differ in their susceptibility to these situational processes, with adolescents holding strong moral convictions against alcohol consumption being basically immune to situational peer effects, even during unstructured and unsupervised activities. 相似文献
210.
In recent years, income concepts have been criticized for being too narrow to capture human well-being. The broader “objective” capability approach and subjective well-being analyses have been highlighted as most prominent approaches which allow for well-being assessments beyond income. Recently, a combination of the capability and of the subjective well-being approach has been recommended to strengthen well-being analyses. Our paper further explores the relations of both approaches. Based upon micro data covering more than 2300 individuals from four villages in rural Karnataka (India), the paper empirically analyses to which degree objective capability deprivation reflected by the United Nations Development Programme’s Multidimensional Poverty Index coincides with reduced happiness. We find positive correlations between Multidimensional Poverty Index deprivation and lack of happiness for some dimensions; otherwise the correlation is weak for the majority of Multidimensional Poverty Index indicators. Our results suggest that “relativity” towards other villagers is crucial for happiness. Moreover, from a happiness perspective our findings show the necessity to integrate financial deprivation indicators and further “missing dimensions” of deprivation into the Multidimensional Poverty Index. Furthermore, it may be fruitful to measure multidimensional poverty on a household and individual level. 相似文献