“It is not a something,but not a nothing either!”—McDowell on Wittgenstein

This paper corrects a mistake in John McDowell’s influential reading of Wittgenstein’s attack on the idea of private sensations. McDowell rightly identifies a primary target of Wittgenstein’s attack to be the Myth of the Given. But he also suggests that Wittgenstein, in the ferocity of his battles with this myth, sometimes goes into overkill, which manifests itself in seemingly behavioristic denials about sensations. But this criticism of Wittgenstein is a mistake. The mistake is made over two important but notoriously difficult sections in the so-called Private Language Argument, namely §304 and §293 of the Philosophical Investigations. Wittgenstein, maximally charitably read, commits no overkill in these two sections. This correction strengthens McDowell’s overall reading, but it is only a first step toward fully bringing out the deep but obscurely expressed insights in §304 and §293, the full treatment of which must await another occasion.     

管仲与李觏功利主义思想比较初探

管仲与李觏均以自然人性论为基础．主张以“循公而不私”、“义利并行”为价值原则．倡导富国富民之社会功利;管仲开社会功利思想之先河·佐桓公九合诸侯而一匡天下,李觏则始倡有宋一代之功利主义思潮。推进社会变革,“匡国济民”,成为“北宋的一个大思想家”,两人思想影响深远。通过对管仲与李觏功利主义思想的比较研究,揭示出功利主义思想的历史联系及社会作用,于今天社会生活具有重要的启迪作用。     

加工水平和呈现时间对错误记忆的影响

在DRM范式下,通过操纵加工水平和呈现时间,考察它们对错误记忆和真实记忆的影响.结果发现,加工水平对错误记忆没有影响,随着对词表加工水平的提高,错误再认率差异不显著.而加工水平对正确记忆有显著影响,不同加工水平间的正确再认率差异极其显著.错误记忆与正确记忆在加工水平上表现出了分离.在较慢呈现时间下,呈现时间对错误记忆和正确记忆的影响均不显著.     

道德形而上学体系由现象学向法哲学的转换及其概念过渡

伦理道德是一种理性,是关于善的价值理性,这是道德体系的重要形而上学前提之一。但是,道德形而上学体系如果仅滞留于此,那它便只能皈依于哲学的形而上学,而无法进展到道德形而上学。道德形而上学体系的特点,是由理性继续前进,使之从人的思维中逸出,具有外化为现实的品质和能力。所以,道德形而上学体系逻辑地需要完成一次重大转换,即由“理性”向“精神”的辩证运动。这一转换的方法论实质,是由现象学思辨向法哲学分析过渡。道德形而上学体系的法哲学结构,由概念的两个辩证运动过程构成:由“冲动”向“冲动的合理体系”的辩证运动;由“‘冲动…     

Stereotype activation is unintentional: Behavioural and event‐related potenials evidence

In this study, a priming Stroop paradigm was used to determine whether stereotype activation is unintentional. Priming conditions (priming/no‐priming) and the relationship between priming and target (consistent/inconsistent/no‐relation) were the independent variables; accuracy, reaction time and N400 amplitude were used as dependent variables. The reaction time revealed that stereotype activation is, to some extent, unintentional. Furthermore, the event‐related potenial (ERP) results showed that N400 amplitude was larger for inconsistent conditions than for consistent conditions. This result supported the notion that stereotype activation is an unintentional and automatic process.     

A Meeting of the Conceptual and the Natural: Wittgenstein on Learning a Sensation‐Language

Since the rise of modern natural science there has been deep tension between the conceptual and the natural. Wittgenstein's discussion of how we learn a sensation‐language contains important resources that can help us relieve this tension. The key here, I propose, is to focus our attention on animal nature, conceived as partially re‐enchanted (in the sense recommended by John McDowell). To see how nature, so conceived, helps us relieve the tension in question, it is crucial to gain a firm and detailed appreciation of how the primitive‐instinctive, a central part of animal nature, actually serves the conceptual. I offer such an appreciation by closely examining §244 of the Philosophical Investigations and Peter Winch's discussion of it. The general aim is to bring out a certain kind of Wittgensteinian “naturalism” (not as a theory but as a general reminder), a “naturalism” that is fully alive to the rootedness of conceptuality in nature. A concomitant aim is to illustrate the truth of Wittgenstein's saying that in philosophy one often has to pay close attention to details.     

医学研究实验动物伦理和福利状况调查——以药学和中药学期刊载文分析为例

调研我国27种药学和中药学期刊2018年刊发论文中实验动物伦理审查和福利状况以及期刊稿约中关于动物实验研究的伦理要求。结果发现,23种期刊声明通过动物伦理委员会审核的论文比例低于14%,25种期刊注明动物伦理审批编号的论文比例低于5%,各个期刊声明遵循有关动物使用和操作指南的论文比例均低于10%。部分论文实验动物福利状况的表述不清楚,动物实验所遵循的指南和原则表述不规范;大部分期刊稿约没有对动物实验研究伦理提出明确要求。建议尽快加强相关期刊编辑的实验动物伦理和福利意识,及时完善稿约内容。     

直觉思维在麻醉临床决策中的应用

围手术期麻醉医师面临问题的复杂性、动态性和模糊性,要求其在具备良好逻辑思维能力的同时,还要学会应用直觉思维来进行麻醉危机管理。通过决策判断的双加工理论模型探讨说明直觉思维在临床麻醉决策中的可应用性,并给出麻醉医师直觉思维的培养途径,提高麻醉医师的思考能力,增加应急处理课程和临床训练,重视临床经验的学习,营造良好的教学氛围。为了在围手术期更好地保证患者的安全,麻醉医师应重视直觉思维在临床麻醉决策中的应用。