Structural Social Capital,Household Income and Life Satisfaction: The Evidence from Beijing,Shanghai and Guangdong-Province,China

Although the positive associations between social capital, household income and life satisfaction are well documented, little is known about how income actually shapes the relation between structural social capital and life satisfaction. This study investigates the roles of economic condition in determining the relationships between life satisfaction and three aspects of structural social capital, namely network size, neighborhood interaction and social participation. This study uses a random sample of 6002 adults nested in 2365 families from three regions in China: Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong-province and applies multilevel linear regression models. The results firstly show that household income and structural social capital are positively associated with life satisfaction. Further analyses on the interaction effects find that household income substantively reduces the association between a social network size and life satisfaction but increases the relationship between social participation and life satisfaction. In addition, the differences between families explain about 25 % unexplained variances of life satisfaction.     

The generalization of deliberative and automatic behavior: The role of procedural knowledge and affective reactions

Individuals’ goal-directed activity in one situation can affect their behavior in a later, ostensibly unrelated situation. This effect can depend on whether the latter behavior is also goal-directed or is performed automatically. Three studies showed that participants’ rate of speaking in the course of performing a speech shadowing task has a positive influence on the speed with which they later complete an ostensibly unrelated marketing survey. Furthermore, when participants’ attention is called to the goal of working rapidly on the survey, the effect of their past behavior depends on their perception of the goal's desirability. When the time to complete the survey is not mentioned, however, participants’ speed of working on the survey is influenced by their speed of speaking in the earlier situation without their awareness and it does not depend on the desirability of the goal with which their behavior is associated. An additional experiment showed that the relative impact of goal-directed and automatic processes also depends on the cognitive resources that people have available to construe the evaluative implications of their decisions.     

工具理性、社会认同与群体愤怒—— 集体行动的社会心理学研究

集体行动现象一直备受社会科学共同体关注。20世纪早期, 社会心理学曾是集体行动研究界的主导视角, 后逐渐转至社会学与政治学视角。最近20多年, 社会心理学视角开始复苏, 进入研究复兴期。社会心理学家先后确认工具理性、社会认同和群体愤怒这三种影响个体参与集体行动的主要前因变量, 并分别建构了包含工具理性和群体愤怒路径、包含工具理性和社会认同路径, 以及包含社会认同、工具理性和群体愤怒路径的三种重要集体行动参与模型。未来的集体行动社会心理学研究应重视行动情境类型、个体心理特征和除愤怒之外的群体情绪在集体行动参与中的作用, 考察理想信念等潜在新前因变量的可能地位, 加强与群际关系、歧视动机等其它经典研究领域的联系。     

心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人健康信念量表的编制

编制适合中国社会文化特点的成年人健康信念量表。根据健康信念对心理健康影响的大量研究结果,确定健康信念量表包括合理性和可控性两个维度的理论构想;通过访谈相关医务工作者以及在心理学专家中征集项目的方式形成初始问卷,并通过预测筛选,确定量表的最终项目。对天津市387名大学生、事业单位职员、公务员和农民工进行正式施测,检验量表的各项心理测量学指标。结果：健康信念量表包括两个维度,分别是可控性和合理性,量表具有良好的重测信度、内部一致信度、结构效度、内容效度以及校标关联效度。结论：健康信念量表具备令人满意的心理测量     

Stair-rod dislocations in perovskite films on LaAlO3 substrates

Two types of stair-rod dislocation formed at junctions of {111} stacking faults in SrTiO₃-SrRuO₃ two-layer films on LaAlO₃ substrates have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The first type, formed by the interaction of two stacking faults situated at the flat SrRuO₃-LaAlO₃ interface without any step, has a Burgers vector (a/3)<110>. The other type, formed by the interaction of two stacking faults, of which one starts from the SrRuO₃-LaAlO₃interface area involving an interface step, has a Burgers vector (a/3)<120>. The formation mechanism of the stair-rod dislocations and the effect of the step are discussed.     

人以天地之气生:气象对人类心理与行为的影响

从情绪波动到文明兴衰,研究者愈来愈意识到大气现象对人类的重要影响。气象心理学涵盖天气和气候这两大类大气现象作用于人类个体和群体的心理与行为乃至文化特征的各种研究。在个体心理层面,温度、湿度、日照等气象因素会影响个体情绪、工作记忆和认知能力。在个体行为层面,人际亲和行为和反社会行为也会被天气左右。在群体和文化层面,从长程上考察,气温和降水量与多尺度人类群体冲突爆发密切相关;气候冷暖和资源多寡也会共同形塑当地族群的文化心理行为特征。人类世界始终嵌入于天气和气候等宏观生态环境中并受其影响,气象心理学应当在心理学研究体系中占有一席之地。     

我国农民工核心心理健康素质的调查

旨在考察《中国成年人核心心理健康素质总量表》在农民工群体中的心理测量学特征,了解我国农民工心理健康素质的基本情况,并与全国成年人常模进行比较。采用《中国成年人核心心理健康素质总量表》,对来自于全国六大区域的不同性别、年龄段、教育程度和职业类别的855名农民工有效样本进行问卷调查。结果发现:(1)本次调查中《中国成年人核心心理健康素质总量表》各分量表的信效度符合心理测量学要求;(2)农民工样本核心心理健康素质量表总均分处于中等偏上水平;(3)农民工的情绪性素质得分高于全国成年人常模,其他素质和核心心理健康素质总量表得分与全国常模无显著差异;(4)农民工坚韧性素质得分存在显著性别差异,人际健康和情绪性素质得分存在显著年龄差异,自我概念、坚韧性素质和核心心理健康素质总量表得分存在显著的职业差异。结论:《中国成年人核心心理健康素质总量表》适用于农民工群体;农民工情绪性素质优于全国常模,其他所测心理健康素质的负载量与全国常模处于同一水平。     

Group Ethical Decision Making Process in Chinese Business: Analysis From Social Decision Scheme and Cultural Perspectives

Literature concerning group ethical decision making in a business setting has traditionally focused on directly comparing group versus individual decisions and then investigating differences. Analysis of the interactive process of group ethical decision making appears sparse. This study addresses the gap by investigating group decision making from a social decision scheme (SDS) perspective in a Chinese cultural setting. A cohort of Chinese accountancy students evaluated ethical business scenarios individually and then in a group context. Group responses could be explained in terms of both the SDS and the Chinese cultural perspective (zhongyong). Specifically, groups did not select the most ethical choice but rather the most moderate of all choices advocated by the majority (zhongyong). These results show the application of SDS theory in a culturally specific (Chinese) environment and note the impact of culturally specific factors (zhongyong) on business decision making. The implications are significant for business. If ethical decisions are entrusted to groups, the impact of culturally specific factors must be fully appreciated in evaluating the final decision.     

发展性计算障碍的最新研究进展

发展性计算障碍是一种影响算术技能获得的特定的学习障碍。截至目前,有关发展性计算障碍的认知与神经机制的理论尚存分歧,有关诊断与鉴别标准也未统一。近年来,对于发展性计算障碍的理论假设有从一般认知因素取向到数学特定因素取向发展的趋势。而随着脑成像技术的不断发展,对于发展性计算障碍神经机制的研究也从针对单个脑区的特异性功能发展到从功能连接网络角度进行研究。并且研究者们开始尝试开发基于数学认知基本理论的干预方法,并采用了利用生物技术手段的新方法。基因-脑-行为的整合研究将有助于全面揭示发展性计算障碍的发生机制,而建立在系统理论基础上经过科学评估的干预手段将可能有效促进障碍者的计算能力。     

Internship: a recruitment and selection perspective

In this study, we examined internship as a recruitment and selection process. On the basis of impression management theory, we hypothesized that both organizations and interns make efforts to impress the other party during the internship if they intend to hire or be hired. Using longitudinal data collected at 3 points from 122 intern–supervisor dyads in the United States, we found that 60% of internships turned into job offers from the host organizations. Interns wishing to be hired were more likely to use self-promotion and ingratiation, which increased the likelihood of job offers. Organizations wishing to hire appeared to be more open to interns' creativity, which increased interns' application intentions. For interns who indicated prior to their internship that they were not interested in working in their host organizations after graduation, supervisory mentoring did not influence their subsequent intentions to apply for full-time employment.