Job Satisfaction and Effective Performance of School Counselors

This study examines the relationships between job satisfaction and the effectiveness of the performance of first-year school counselors. Co-workers and administrators rated the counselors' effectiveness in 6 job activities, and clients rated the counselors in 3 aspects of the counseling interview. The performance ratings were correlated with the counselors' job satisfaction in 8 areas. Several job satisfaction dimensions were related to effective performance of selected activities by the co-workers, administrators, and clients. Satisfaction with their future and security in the job, relations with associates, involvement in the job, and training for the job were the dimensions most frequently related to job satisfaction. The nature of the relationships among the criteria of effective performance indicated that 3 groups had different perceptions of the counselor.     

ENURESIS CONTROL THROUGH FADING,ESCAPE, AND AVOIDANCE TRAINING

A twin-signal device that provides both escape and avoidance conditioning in enuresis control is described involving a procedure documented by two case studies. In addition, a technique of fading as an adjunct to the process is utilized with one subject. The results indicate that a combination of operant and respondent conditioning involving escape and avoidance training may be an improvement over the more traditional conditioning procedure.     

Genetic-Evidence That the Lewy Body Variant Is Indeed a Phenotypic Variant of Alzheimers-Disease

Lewy Body Variant (LBV) patients present as Alzheimers disease (AD) clinically; about two-thirds also have mild extrapyramidal features. At autopsy, neocortical and brain stem Lewy bodies are present in addition to changes diagnostic of AD. We have found that the Apolipoprotein E4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for LBV as it is for ′pure AD," in contrast to subjects with diffuse Lewy body disease or Parkinsons disease. This genetic evidence supports the concept that LBV-the second most common neurodegenerative form of dementia-is a phenotypic variant of AD.     

Job Satisfactions and Job Activities of School Counselors

This study examined the relationships among the job satisfactions and job activities of 168 school counselors. An intercorrelational matrix was developed using personal data, 8 job-satisfaction dimensions, and 6 job-activity areas. Establishing and maintaining staff relationships and providing guidance services to individual students were the activities most related to the job-satisfaction dimensions. Promoting the general program was not significantly related with any job satisfaction. Some differences between men and women counselors were found in both job satisfactions and activities. The student-counselor ratio was relevant to the activities of the counselors but not related to their job satisfactions.     

Five‐year outcomes of ADHD diagnosed in adulthood

There is a dearth of long‐term follow‐up studies of adults diagnosed with ADHD. Here, the aim was to evaluate long‐term outcomes in a group of ADHD patients diagnosed in adulthood and receiving routine psychiatric health care. Adults diagnosed with any type of ADHD (n = 52) and healthy controls (n = 73) were assessed at baseline and at a 5‐year follow‐up, using Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Brown ADD Scale (BADDS) and Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS). A multivariate regression method was used to identify factors predicting 5‐year outcomes, including baseline ratings, medication intensity, comorbidity, intelligence quotient (IQ), age, and sex. After 5 years, ADHD patients reported fewer and/or less severe symptoms compared to baseline, but remained at clinically significant symptom levels and with functional deficits. Baseline self‐reports of ADHD symptoms predicted their own 5‐year outcome and low baseline functioning level predicted improved global functioning at follow‐up. Factors previously reported to predict short‐term outcomes (i.e., medication, comorbidity, IQ, age, and sex) did not anticipate long‐term outcomes in present study.     

组织行为学中的时间相关研究与未来方向

绝大部分组织行为学研究都是从静态视角聚焦变量在一段时间内的整体平均水平, 而忽视了时间的角色, 如变量在一段时间内的动态变化特征。通过引入时间的角色, 从动态视角关注变量的动态变化特征并探讨其影响因素和结果, 可能为现有研究提供新的、突破性视角, 进而帮助拓展传统管理理论。鉴于其对理论发展的重要性, 近年来, 部分新近研究开始逐步关注时间的角色, 从动态视角探索变量的动态变化特征。然而, 整体来看, 这类研究仍相对较少, 且分散在不同的研究领域, 还未能形成结构化体系。基于此, 在将相关研究按照两个维度——变量的动态变化特征的类别(趋势 vs. 波动)与变量的动态变化特征的角色(自变量 vs. 因变量)分为四大类别后, 系统地回顾和梳理相关研究, 并厘清研究背后的理论机制。最后, 基于以上梳理分析, 未来研究可从关注变量的波动; 考察趋势、波动和整体平均水平等的交互作用等角度出发, 更加全面、系统地扩展组织行为学理论。     

Neopragmatic Thought and Counseling Values: Reconsidering the Role of Values in Counseling From an Alternative Epistemological Foundation

The history of Western philosophical thought has been dominated by the search for transcendent truth. As a consequence of this history, various epistemological dualisms (such as fact/value and appearance/reality) have come to structure modes of inquiry. Reliance on such dualisms has resulted in a degradation of values discourse, which, along with other “soft” forms of inquiry, is often viewed as epistemologically inferior to the “hard” sciences. However, particularly within the last century, philosophers have proposed compelling challenges to these dualisms, which, in turn, have massive implications for values discourse. These challenges are overviewed, and implications for values discourse within the counseling profession are discussed.     

Young children's knowledge about the influence of thoughts on emotions in rule situations

Four‐year‐olds, 5‐year‐olds, and adults (N = 48) listened to stories featuring characters that experienced one of four types of thoughts after deciding to transgress or comply with a rule: thoughts about desires, rules, future negative outcomes, or future punishment. Participants predicted and explained the characters’ emotions. Results showed that young children, as with adults, predicted positive emotions for willpower and negative emotions for transgression at low rates for the think‐desire trials, and at high rates for the think‐rule and think‐future trials. They also modified their emotion explanations in line with the focus of characters’ thoughts. These data provide unprecedented evidence that young children can reason flexibly about emotions in rule situations when provided explicit, salient information about people's thoughts.