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21.
The displacement of the images on the retina that results from a turning of the eye does not lead to an apparent motion of what is seen, It has been generally assumed that this is due to a compensating process which takes eye movement into account and serves to discount those image displacements that result from eye movements, It follows from this view that an abnormal image displacement, that is, an image displacement that is larger or smaller than the causing eye movement would warrant, should lead to an experienced displacement of the target. Abnormal image displacement was produced by placing the eye in the converging or diverging bundle of rays from a point source that form behind a strong positive lens; this arrangement yielded a disc-shaped image, the projection of the pupil onto the retina, which displaced abnormally during eye movements. By changing the position of the eye along the axis of the lens in relation to the crossing point of the bundle, the degree to which the displacement was abnormal could be varied, For various displacement rates ranging from 25% to 120 and 400% of normal, abnormal displacements produced by incidental eye movements remained unnoticed, Only where eye movements were intentional did some of our Ss report shifts of the perceived image. It is suggested that the organism copes with the image displacement resulting from the ever-present incidental eye movements not by compensation but by ignoring them. 相似文献
22.
23.
Hans Irtel 《Psychometrika》1995,60(1):115-118
Comparisons of subjects are specifically objective if they do not depend on the items involved. Such comparisons are not restricted to the 1-parameter logistic latent trait model, but may also be defined within ordinal independence models and even within the 2-parameter logistic model. 相似文献
24.
Hans J. Eysenck 《欧洲人格杂志》1995,9(2):103-108
Van Kampen (1993) has published a paper in which he criticizes the concept of psychoticism and the use of the P scale as a measuring device, and advances measures for his own S scale and its validity. This reply attempts to clarify the notion of ‘validity’, and to demonstrate that there is a considerable body of experimental evidence to show that P has a high degree of construct validity, whereas the Van Kampen S scale lacks completely any degree of construct validity. Several examples are given of how the experimental evidence legitimates both the P scale, and the theory (nomological network) on which it is based. 相似文献
25.
A Bayesian approach for simultaneous optimization of test-based decisions is presented using the example of a selection decision
for a treatment followed by a mastery decision. A distinction is made between weak and strong rules where, as opposed to strong
rules, weak rules use prior test scores as collateral data. Conditions for monotonicity of optimal weak and strong rules are
presented. It is shown that under mild conditions on the test score distributions and utility functions, weak rules are always
compensatory by nature.
The authors are indebted to Wilbert Kallenberg for his valuable comments and to Jan Gulmans for providing the data for the
empirical example. The names of the authors are alphabetical; they are equally responsible for the contents of this paper. 相似文献
26.
Idsart Kingma Michiel P. de Looze Huub M. Toussaint Hans G. Klijnsma Tom B.M. Bruijnen 《Human movement science》1996,15(6):833-860
In studies related to human movement, linked segment models (LSM's) are often used to quantify forces and torques, generated in body joints. Some LSM's represent only a few body segments. Others, for instance used in studies on the control of whole body movements, include all body segments. As a consequence of the complexity of 3-dimensional (3-D) analyses, most LSM's are restricted to one plane of motion. However, in asymmetric movements this may result in a loss of relevant information. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate a 3-D LSM including all body segments. Braces with markers, attached to all body segments, were used to record the body movements. The validation of the model was accomplished by comparing the measured with the estimated ground reaction force and by comparing the torques at the lumbo-sacral joint that resulted from a bottom-up and a top-down mechanical analysis. For both comparisons, reasonable to good agreement was found. Sources of error that could not be analysed this way, were subjected to an additional sensitivity analysis. It was concluded that the internal validity of the current model is quite satisfactory. 相似文献
27.
Twenty-nine infants exposed in utero to methadone and 37 comparison infants were examined on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale at early and late neonatal ages. All infants were full-term at birth, over 2500 g, and not yet circumcised at the early assessment. None of the methadone-exposed infants were breast-fed or were being treated pharmacologically for withdrawal. During the first week of life, methadone-exposed neonates differed from comparison ones in motoric behavior. Relative to comparison-group infants, they were jerkier and more tremulous, tense, active, and better able to put hand in mouth. By the end of the first month these differences diminished, although there was still a tendency for the methadone-exposed infants to have elevated body tonus. Neither perinatal complications, birth weight, nor sex of infant could explain the early neonatal differences between the methadone and comparison groups. Past the early stage of acute withdrawal, neonates exposed prenatally to methadone behave not unlike their nonexposed peers. 相似文献
28.
Hans Lenk 《Man and World》1978,11(1-2):3-18
Ohne ZusammenfassungIn honor of Bishop Prof. Dr. H.-W. Heidland on the occasion of his 65th birthday. 相似文献
29.
Hans Westmeyer 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1980,1(3):263-275
In this paper it is argued that the general problem of indication, increasingly discussed in the field of psychotherapy in recent years, actually is a pseudoproblem with no solution to be expected. In its objectives and premises it is trongly suggestive of conceptions and ideas of early logical empiricism, to be considered as out-of-date today. The concept of indication is identified as ambiguous, and preliminary remarks aiming at an explication of the concept are made. Finally, the consequences of our arguments for the immediate problem of integration of the different therapeutic approaches are pointed out. 相似文献
30.
Hans J. Eysenck 《International journal of psychology》1981,16(1-4):343-370
The methods of applied science are usually based on the findings of pure science, and the discovery of successful methods of therapy for the neuroses is dependent on the formulation of appropriate theories for these disorders. It is argued that the only viable theory about neurosis at the moment is an adaptation of the Watsonian conditioning model, suitably altered to fit in with more recent discoveries in the fields of the formation and extinction of conditioned responses. Such a model has important relevance to behaviour therapy and the various methods for treating neuroses falling under that heading, and indeed for an explanation of the apparent effectiveness of psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, and whatever events mediate spontaneous remission. 相似文献