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61.
62.
Ratings of affect words are the most commonly used method to assess pleasant affect (PA) and unpleasant affect (UA). The reliance on self-reports would be problematic if affect ratings were heavily influenced by response styles. Several recent publications have indeed suggested (a) that the influence of response styles on affect ratings is pervasive, (b) that this influence can be controlled by variations of the response format using multitrait-multimethod models, and (c) the discriminant validity of PA and UA is spurious. In this article, we examined the evidence for these claims. We demonstrate that (a) response styles have a negligible effect on affect ratings, (b) multiple response formats produce the same results as a single response format, and (c) the discriminant validity of PA and UA is not a method artifact. Rather, evidence against discriminant validity is due to the use of inappropriate response formats that respondents interpreted as bipolar scales. 相似文献
63.
We investigated personality disorders (PDs) of young men with chronic authority conflicts using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-I (MCMI-I; Millon, 1983). PDs occurred considerably more often in the young men with chronic authority conflicts (62%) compared with a clinical control group of young men with acute authority conflicts (39%). The prevalence of PDs in a normal control group was considerably lower (11%). The passive-aggressive PD is over-represented among young men with chronic authority conflicts; there is hardly any antisocial PD. Millon's conceptualization of these disorders could have influenced these results. The high prevalence of passive-aggressive PDs complicates a good psychotherapeutic outcome in young men with chronic authority conflicts. Our results underscore the clinical utility of the controversial PAPD diagnosis. 相似文献
64.
Hans Vilhelm Hansen 《Argumentation》2002,16(3):263-276
This essay attempts to give definitions and identity conditions for the two predominant senses of Argument currently in use, the one involving reasons for a conclusion and the other denoting an expressed disagreement with ensuing verbal behaviour by two parties. I see Johnson's new concept of Argument, as developed in his book Manifest Rationality, as a hybrid of the two common senses of Argument, and, accordingly, I try to define and give the identity conditions of Johnson-arguments. Finally, I disagree with Johnson on the nature of the definition he thinks he has proposed, and I conclude with observations suggesting that his logical perspective has dialectical and rhetorical components. 相似文献
65.
Plasticity of the human auditory cortex induced by discrimination learning of non-native,mora-timed contrasts of the Japanese language 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Menning H Imaizumi S Zwitserlood P Pantev C 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2002,9(5):253-267
In this magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study, we examined with high temporal resolution the traces of learning in the speech-dominant left-hemispheric auditory cortex as a function of newly trained mora-timing. In Japanese, the “mora” is a temporal unit that divides words into almost isochronous segments (e.g., na-ka-mu-ra and to-o-kyo-o each comprises four mora). Changes in the brain responses of a group of German and Japanese subjects to differences in the mora structure of Japanese words were compared. German subjects performed a discrimination training in 10 sessions of 1.5 h each day. They learned to discriminate Japanese pairs of words (in a consonant, anni–ani; and a vowel, kiyo–kyo, condition), where the second word was shortened by one mora in eight steps of 15 msec each. A significant increase in learning performance, as reflected by behavioral measures, was observed, accompanied by a significant increase of the amplitude of the Mismatch Negativity Field (MMF). The German subjects' hit rate for detecting durational deviants increased by up to 35%. Reaction times and MMF latencies decreased significantly across training sessions. Japanese subjects showed a more sensitive MMF to smaller differences. Thus, even in young adults, perceptual learning of non-native mora-timing occurs rapidly and deeply. The enhanced behavioral and neurophysiological sensitivity found after training indicates a strong relationship between learning and (plastic) changes in the cortical substrate. 相似文献
66.
Two models, a Poisson race model and a diffusion model, are fit to data from a perceptual matching task. In each model, information
about the similarity or the difference between two stimuli accumulates toward thresholds for either response. Stimulus variables
are assumed to influence the rate at which information accumulates, and response variables are assumed to influence the level
of the response thresholds. Three experiments were conducted to assess the performance of each model. In Experiment 1, observers
performed under different response deadlines; in Experiment 2, response bias was manipulated by changing the relative frequency
ofsame anddifferent stimuli. In Experiment 3, stimulus pairs were presented at three eccentricities: foveal, parafoveal, and peripheral. We examined
whether the race and diffusion models could fit the response time and accuracy data through changes only in response parameters
(for Experiments 1 and 2) or stimulus parameters (for Experiment 3). Comparisons between the two models suggest that the race
model, which has not been studied extensively, can account for perceptual matching data at least as well as the diffusion
model. Furthermore, without the constraints on the parameters provided by the experimental conditions, the diffusion and the
race models are indistinguishable. This finding emphasizes the importance of fitting models across several conditions and
imposing logical psychological constraints on the parameters of models. 相似文献
67.
Zusammenfassung Es war das Ziel der Untersuchung, ein System der Gefühlsqualitäten zu finden, das im Unterschied zu früheren Klassifikationsversuchen nicht auf der Anwendung formaler Kategorien oder anderer, gewissermaßen von außen an den Gegenstand herangetragener Gesichtspunkte beruhte, sondern aus den Erlebnisinhalten selbst hervorging.Nach verschiedenen Methoden wurden drei Versuche unternommen, in denen die Versuchspersonen auf Grund der Vergegenwärtigung des Erlebnisses Urteile über die Ähnlichkeit und über bestimmte Eigenschaften von Gefühlsqualitäten abzugeben hatten.Aus den Ergebnissen aller drei Versuche konnten Ordnungssysteme der verwendeten Gefühlsqualitäten gebildet werden. Trotz der Verschiedenheit der angewendeten Methoden besteht zwischen den drei Systemen in den vergleichbaren Punkten eine nahezu vollkommene Übereinstimmung.Die Gesamtheit der Gefühlsqualitäten ordnet sich nach dem Resultat dieser Untersuchung in drei Dimensionen an, denen die Bezeichnungen Angenehm—Unangenehm, Unterwerfung—Überhebung und Grad der Motivierung gegeben wurden.Nach einigen Betrachtungen über die der Beurteilung von Gefühlsqualitäten zugrunde liegenden subjektiven Prozesse werden methodische Folgerungen gezogen, die besagen, daß die Voraussetzungen für die Untersuchung der Gefühle weit günstiger sind, als dies nach der vorherrschenden Meinung der Fall ist. Schließlich wird die Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Resultate auf einige Fragestellungen der Gefühlsforschung an Hand von Beispielen erörtert. 相似文献
68.
No evidence for qualitative differences in the processing of short and long temporal intervals 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Several lines of research suggest that two distinct timing mechanisms are involved in temporal information processing: a sensory mechanism for processing of durations in the range of milliseconds and a cognitively controlled mechanism for processing of longer durations. The present study employed a dual-task approach and a sensory interference paradigm to further elucidate the distinct timing hypothesis. Experiment 1 used mental arithmetic as a nontemporal secondary task, Experiment 2 a memory search task, and Experiment 3 a visuospatial memory task. In Experiment 4, a loudness manipulation was applied. Mental arithmetic and loudness manipulation affected temporal discrimination of both brief and long intervals, whereas the two remaining tasks did not influence timing performance. Observed differences in interference patterns may be explained by some tasks being more difficult than others. The overall pattern of results argues against two qualitatively distinct timing mechanisms, but is consistent with attention-based cognitive models of human timing. 相似文献
69.
Variability of the MAX and MIN Statistic: A Theory of the Quantile Spread as a Function of Sample Size 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The maximum and minimum of a sample from a probability distribution are extremely important random variables in many areas
of psychological theory, methodology, and statistics. For instance, the behavior of the mean of the maximum or minimum processing
time, as a function of the number of component random processing times (n), has been studied extensively in an effort to identify the underlying processing architecture (e.g., Townsend & Ashby, 1983;
Colonius & Vorberg, 1994). Little is known concerning how measures of variability of the maximum or minimum change with n. Here, a new measure of random variability, the quantile spread, is introduced, which possesses sufficient strength to define
distributional orderings and derive a number of results concerning variability of the maximum and the minimum statistics.
The quantile spread ordering may be useful in many venues. Several interesting open problems are pointed out.
This work was supported by an NIH Grant R01 MH57717 to the first author. Some of the collaboration took place during the year
2000 while J.T. Townsend was a Fellow at the Hanse Institute for Advanced Study (HWK), sponsored by H. Colonius at Oldenburg
University. 相似文献
70.
Recent task-switching work in which paper-and-pencil administered single-task lists were compared with task-alternation lists has demonstrated large increases in task-switch costs with concurrent articulatory suppression (AS), implicating a crucial role for verbalization during switching (Baddeley, Chincotta, & Adlam, 2001; Emerson & Miyake, 2003). Experiment 1 replicated this result, using computerized assessment, albeit with much smaller effect sizes than in the original reports. In Experiment 2, AS interference was reduced when a sequential cue (spatial location) that indicated the current position in the sequence of task alternations was given. Finally, in Experiment 3, switch trials and no-switch trials were compared within a block of alternating runs of two tasks. Again, AS interference was obtained mainly when the endogenous sequencing demand was high, and it was comparable for no-switch and switch trials. These results suggest that verbalization may be critical for endogenous maintenance and updating of a sequential plan, rather than exclusively for the actual switching process. 相似文献