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61.
The effects of chronic hypothalamic lesions and various drugs on the viscero-visceral reflexes of cats have been investigated, utilizing measurement of the bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex. After coagulation of the posterolateral hypothalamus the heart rate decreased by 40–60 beats per minute, but eventually it regained its initial value. The viscero-visceral reflexes from the gallbladder to the heart were preserved after the operative procedure. Chlorpromazine and atropine blocked both arousal and the cardiorespiratory response to stimulation of the gallbladder. Similar effects were produced by novocaine and pantocaine. 相似文献
62.
63.
The displacement of the images on the retina that results from a turning of the eye does not lead to an apparent motion of what is seen, It has been generally assumed that this is due to a compensating process which takes eye movement into account and serves to discount those image displacements that result from eye movements, It follows from this view that an abnormal image displacement, that is, an image displacement that is larger or smaller than the causing eye movement would warrant, should lead to an experienced displacement of the target. Abnormal image displacement was produced by placing the eye in the converging or diverging bundle of rays from a point source that form behind a strong positive lens; this arrangement yielded a disc-shaped image, the projection of the pupil onto the retina, which displaced abnormally during eye movements. By changing the position of the eye along the axis of the lens in relation to the crossing point of the bundle, the degree to which the displacement was abnormal could be varied, For various displacement rates ranging from 25% to 120 and 400% of normal, abnormal displacements produced by incidental eye movements remained unnoticed, Only where eye movements were intentional did some of our Ss report shifts of the perceived image. It is suggested that the organism copes with the image displacement resulting from the ever-present incidental eye movements not by compensation but by ignoring them. 相似文献
64.
65.
Elisabeth Schürer-Necker 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1990,25(4):195-200
Walker and Tarte (1963) postulate that at short retention intervals high arousal paired-associates are reproduced more poorly
than low arousal items. Walker and colleagues believe that this hypothesis is confirmed by their paired-associate learning
studies. However, results of these paired-associate learning studies are position confounded artifacts. Better recall of low
arousal items at short-term retention is caused by the coincidence of the recency effect and low arousal at the end of the
trial. When these position effects are controlled there is no action decrement for the high arousal paired-associates. To
test this assumption, the Kleinsmith and Kaplan study (1963) was replicated and two other variations were conducted. In these
three studies with 76 subjects, which were tested at two minutes or 1 week, the action decrement occurs only when the two
position effects coincide. 相似文献
66.
Numerosity discrimination was examined when items were varied in space-time position rather than in space only. Observers were instructed to indicate which of two adjacent streamsof visual events contained more items. The precision of numerosity discrimination of dynamic events was not remarkably different from that of static patterns. Two basic numerosity biases previously found for static dot patterns—inhibitory overestimation and satellite underestimation—were demonstrated for items distributed randomly over a spatiotemporal interval. It was also demonstrated that two streams, equated in the number and luminous energy of items, are not judged equal in their visible number if items in one of these two streams have longer duration than items in the second stream. These findings can be accounted for by the occupancy model of perceived numerosity (Allik & Tuulmets, 1991a) if it is supposed that the impact that each element has on its neighborhood is spread along both spatial and temporal coordinates. Perceived numerosity decreases with both spatial and temporal proximity between the-visual-items. Space and time have interchangeable effects on perceived numerosity: the amount of numerosity bias caused by the spatial proximity of items can also be produced by the properly chosen temporal proximity of items 相似文献
67.
The use of magnitude estimation as well as axiomatic measurement theory has led to the suggestion that loudness adds across critical bands. In the present paper, we challenge this postulate by applying a more sensitive methodology, based on Falmagne’s (1976) random conjoint measurement procedure. A necessary condition for additivity of loudness was investigated in tone complexes consisting of 2-kHz and 5-kHz (resp. 3-kHz) components; the results showed systematic deviations from additivity. We argue that these deviations are due to asymmetric masking of the higher component by the lower one, and we propose a tentative quantitative model to account for the data. Such a model is in line with results from tone-on-tone masking, which show masking to be effective over a range of several critical bands. 相似文献
68.
An account is given of three patients who exhibited a malignant neuroleptic syndrome after the administration of neuroplegics. Like other authors, we identified typical elicitation factors and clinical characteristics. In one case a catatonic dilemma with lethal issue was observed. In the final case dealt with in this paper, the renewed application of neuroplegics following the termination of the malignant neuroleptic syndrome was tolerated without complications, whereas in the case of an epileptic patient with damage to the brain, the malignant neuroleptic syndrome returned upon dosage increase. 相似文献
69.
The author is an internist in a non-university hospital. He discusses the possibilities and limits of dealing with patients suffering from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. He demonstrates the clinical importance of a psychoanalytic perspective with three case illustrations. 相似文献
70.
Toward a Process Analysis of Emotions: The Case of Surprise 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Based on an earlier model of the processes elicited by surprising events, the present studies provide evidence for one of these processes, the evaluation of the surprising event's relevance for ongoing activities (action-relevance check). The central prediction tested was that, if unexpected events elicit among other processes an action-relevance check, then response delay on a concurrent task will be more pronounced in a condition where this process is more elaborate and hence takes more time. In accord with this prediction, Experiment 1 found that an unexpected appearance change of the imperative stimulus in a choice reaction time (RT) task caused greater response delay than an equivalent appearance change of a distractor stimulus. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and tested several additional predictions that concerned the effects on response delay of a second appearance change of either the imperative or the distractor stimuli. These predictions, which were also mostly confirmed, were derived by combining the logic underlying the first study with the assumption that once made, appraisals of unexpected events are stored as part of the situational schema and are reused when the same or similar events reoccur leading to an abbreviation of appraisal processes. Experiment 3 once more replicated the basic finding of the previous studies and ruled out a possible alternative explanation. It is suggested that the proposed RT method of process verification may be of broader interest as a tool to study appraisal processes in emotion. 相似文献