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191.
Jantien van Zeijl Judi Mesman Mirjam N Stolk Lenneke R A Alink Marinus H van Ijzendoorn Marian J Bakermans-Kranenburg Femmie Juffer Hans M Koot 《Journal of family psychology》2007,21(4):626-636
This study investigated the interaction of child temperament and maternal discipline in the prediction of externalizing problems in early childhood. Interaction effects were evaluated in a sample of 227 one- to three-year-old children with relatively high externalizing problems scores on the Child Behavior Checklist/1 1/2-5. Child temperament was reported by the mothers, maternal discipline was observed in a laboratory session, and child outcome measures included both mother-reported externalizing problems and observed physical aggression. Results indicate that children with difficult temperaments are more susceptible to negative discipline (i.e., they showed more externalizing problems) as well as more susceptible to positive discipline (i.e., they showed fewer externalizing problems and less physical aggression), as compared with children with relatively easy temperaments. These findings provide empirical evidence for the differential susceptibility hypothesis and suggest directions for enhancing the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing early childhood externalizing problems. 相似文献
192.
193.
Sabrina D. Bruyneel Siegfried Dewitte Philip Hans Franses Marnik G. Dekimpe 《决策行为杂志》2009,22(2):153-170
We propose that negative affect can induce people to engage in risky decisions. We test two alternative hypotheses as to how this effect may emerge. The mood repair hypothesis states that risky choices in risk decision making serve as a means to repair one's negative affect. The depletion hypothesis, in contrast, states that risky choices in risk decision making are the mere consequence of a state of depletion resulting from engagement in active mood regulation attempts. The results of a first laboratory study establish a link between risky choices in risk decision making and negative affect. Subsequent experiments provide evidence that depletion due to active mood regulation attempts, rather than mood repair, is the underlying process for this link. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
194.
Hans Ucko 《Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations》2009,20(3):305-313
The article points to the dimension of waiting in Jewish, Christian and Shi‘a Muslim thinking as one particular feature of these traditions. There is a need to distinguish between escapist and productive eschatology. The whole question might also be a feature in a discussion on the interrelationship in international relations of the concepts of realism and idealism and the possible contribution of religion. 相似文献
195.
Sleep deprivation adversely affects the ability to perform cognitive tasks, but theories range from predicting an overall
decline in cognitive functioning (because of reduced stability in attentional networks) to claiming specific deficits in executive
functions. In the present study, we measured the effects of sleep deprivation on a two-choice numerosity discrimination task.
A diffusion model was used to decompose accuracy and response time distributions in order to produce estimates of distinct
components of cognitive processing. The model assumes that, over time, noisy evidence from the task stimulus is accumulated
to one of two decision criteria and that parameters governing this process can be extracted and interpreted in terms of distinct
cognitive processes. The results showed that sleep deprivation affects multiple components of cognitive processing, ranging
from stimulus processing to peripheral nondecision processes. Thus, sleep deprivation appears to have wide-ranging effects:
Reduced attentional arousal and impaired central processing combine to produce an overall decline in cognitive functioning. 相似文献
196.
The present research examined the relationship between adherence to honor norms and emotional reactions after an insult. Participants were 42 Dutch male train travelers, half of whom were insulted by a confederate who bumped into the participant and made a degrading remark. Compared with insulted participants with a weak adherence to honor norms, insulted participants with a strong adherence to honor norms were (a) more angry, (b) less joyful, (c) less fearful, and (d) less resigned. Moreover, insulted participants with a strong adherence to honor norms perceived more anger in subsequent stimuli than not-insulted participants with a strong adherence to these norms. The present findings support a direct relationship among insult, adherence to honor norms, and emotional reactions. 相似文献
197.
198.
The aim of this study was to examine to what extent community characteristics counterbalance propensities towards homicide and robbery. Data were obtained for each of the 95 Italian provinces on homicide rate and robbery rate from 1992 to 1995. Multiple regressions were used to predict these homicide and robbery rates from a measure of civic engagement (Civicness) assessed during the same period, and from other socioeconomic variables: unemployment, family break up, and geographical characteristics. The predictors explained 77% of the variance among the Italian provinces for robbery, and 61% of the variance for homicide. The predictive patterns were somewhat different for homicide and robbery, but in each case civicness interacted with territorial variables. In the case of homicide, civicness had a preventive impact only in the southern provinces. For robbery, the protective impact was limited to provinces which were urbanized and had large metropolitan areas. 相似文献
199.
Hans Strasburger 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2001,63(8):1356-1376
The psychometric function for recognition of singly presented digits as a function of digit contrast was measured at 2° steps across the horizontal meridian of the visual field, under monocular and binocular viewing conditions. A maximum-likelihood staircase procedure was used in a 10-alternative forcedchoice recognition paradigm to gather the data. Both the Weibull and the logistic psychometric functions provide excellent fits to the observed data. The slopes of these functions at their point of inflection ranged from 4.0 to 5.0 proportion-correct/log10-unit contrast, for both monocular and binocular viewing and for all loci in the visual field. These slope values correspond to short-term measurements (around 30 trials, or 1 min) and do not include performance variations of longer duration; the latter are estimated to increase slope by a factor of about 1.5. A single psychometric function shape, centered around a threshold value, therefore describes recognition performance at all retinal loci and binocularity. An empirical comparison of slope results across the literature shows that the function’s slope is about twice that reported for a number of detection tasks. The comparison of recognition contrast thresholds, percentage correct values, and other performance measures across studies requires the knowledge of the psychometric function’s slope, and our results thus provide a firm basis for the study of low-contrast character recognition 相似文献
200.