Zur Beziehung von Inertia Effekt und sequentieller Position widersprechender Ereignisse bei der Revision subjektiver Wahrscheinlichkeiten

Zusammenfassung Der Prozeß der Revision subjektiver Wahrscheinlichkeiten ist häufig durch ein Unterschätzen des Effektes jener Ereignisse gekennzeichnet, die der von einer Person favorisierten Alternative widersprechen (Inertia Effekt). Zwei von Pitz et al. (1967) aufgestellte Hypothesen über die Ursachen des Inertia Effektes, die Commitment Hypothese und die Expectancy Hypothese, wurden anhand der aus ihnen ableitbaren entgegengesetzten Vorhersagen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Stärke des Inertia Effektes und der sequentiellen Position eines ersten widersprechenden Ereignisses, überprüft. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse sprechen für das Zutreffen der Commitment Hypothese als Erklärung des Inertia Effektes.

---

The relation between the Inertia Effect and the sequential position of disconfirming events in the revision of subjective probability

Summary The revision of subjective probability often is characterized by an underestimation of those events, that are contradictory to a subject's presently favored alternative (Inertia Effect). Two possible explanations of the Inertia Effect as postulated by Pitz et al. (1967), the Commitment hypothesis and the Expectancy hypothesis, were tested by examination of the contradictory predictions that can be derived about the strength of the Inertia Effect as a function of the sequential position of a first disconfirming event. The data lent support to the Commitment hypothesis as an explanation of the Inertia Effect.

---

---

Diese Untersuchung wurde finanziert aus Sondermitteln des Sonderforschungsbereiches Sozial- und wirtschaftspsychologische Entscheidungsforschung der Universität Mannheim.     

The Non-Achievement Syndrome,Group Therapy,and Achievement Change

174 selected failing students at Illinois Institute of Technology were provided group counseling as a condition of their remaining in school. The assumption of the psychodynamics of the non-achievement syndrome was made regarding these students and a group counseling approach (NAS therapy) derived from an approach delineated by Roth and Meyersburg seemed appropriate and was utilized. 52 male subjects in this population were randomly selected for study as were 52 probationary, noncounseled males who were used as a comparison group. The results indicated that the counseled group increased their GPA's significantly and that these changes held over time. The GPA's of the comparison group did not increase significantly. The differences were attributable to the counseling experience.     

Extent-of-motion thresholds under subject-relative and object-relative conditions

The experiment was designed to discover the threshold extent of motion at medium speeds amounting to 41, 82, and 164 min./sec., and to compare the perception of motion arising from subject-relative displacement with the perception of motion arising from object-relative displacement. Extent thresholds were found while velocity was kept constant. Different groups of ten Ss were used for each displacement velocity, and for each S the extent threshold was twice obtained by the method of constant stimuli, once under subjectrelative and once under object-relative displacement conditions. Sensitivity to brief displacements of a continuously visible target was high; average thresholds ranged from 1.0 to 4.4 min. under the various conditions employed. The thresholds were higher for subject-relative conditions and the slower displacement velocities and lower for objectrelative conditions and faster displacements.     

The Catalytic Situation in the Violence Equation1

This paper discusses views of violence that point to situational impingements on the aggressor as precipitants of his or her aggression. The view (situational determinism) is illustrated through excerpts from a trial that was concerned with police responsibility for incidents of police-citizen violence. The excerpts high-light the exonerating and antipsychological corollaries of the situational view and its emphasis on victim-related variables. This deterministic scenario (violence situation) is contrasted with an interpersonal emphasis (violence transaction) and an offender-centered perspective (violence opportunity). In contrast to the latter's emphasis on aggressor motivation, situational determinism implies the generic motivation (“normalcy”) of aggression. As a corollary, the view rejects the possibility of introducing deescalating options into evolving violence transactions.     

Numeracy in the jury box: Numerical ability,meaningful anchors,and damage award decision making

This project employs an experimental design to test theoretical predictions regarding how numeracy can assist jurors in determining damage awards to compensate a plaintiff for pain and suffering and how the use of meaningful numerical anchors may produce similar benefits. Mock jurors (N = 345) reviewed a legal case and were asked to give a dollar award to compensate the plaintiff for pain and suffering. The presence and nature of a numerical anchor and the duration of pain and suffering were manipulated. Participants' numeracy was measured. Results provided support for predictions. Jurors higher in numeracy gave awards that more appropriately reflected the duration of pain and suffering and showed less variability in awards. Similar benefits were obtained by exposing jurors to meaningful numerical anchors to help them contextualize dollar amounts. Thus, introducing meaningful anchors to jurors may provide similar benefits to numeracy, without the drawbacks associated with selecting only numerate jurors.     

Understanding Workaholics' Motivations: A Self‐Determination Perspective

In order to explain the diverging well‐being outcomes of workaholism, this study aimed to examine the motivational orientations that may fuel the two main components of workaholism (i.e. working excessively and working compulsively). Drawings on Self‐Determination Theory, both autonomous and controlled motivation were suggested to drive excessive work, which therefore was expected to relate positively to both well‐being (i.e. vigor) and ill‐health (i.e. exhaustion). Compulsive work, in contrast, was hypothesised to originate exclusively out of controlled motivation and therefore to only associate positively with ill‐being. Structural equation modeling in a heterogeneous sample of Belgian white‐collar workers (N= 370) confirmed that autonomous motivation associated positively with excessive work, which then related positively to vigor. Controlled motivation correlated positively with compulsive work, which therefore related positively with exhaustion. The hypothesised path from controlled motivation to exhaustion through excessive work was not corroborated. In general, the findings suggest that primarily compulsive work yields associations with ill‐being, since it may stem from a qualitatively inferior type of motivation.     

Die logifchen Grundlagen des Wahrfcheinlichkeitsbegriffs

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Zum Anschaulichkeitsproblem der Geometrie Erwiderung auf Oskar Becker

Ohne Zusammenfassung