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291.
Friendship,Depression, and Suicide Attempts in Adults: Exploratory Analysis of a Longitudinal Follow‐Up Study 下载免费PDF全文
Julia E. Marver BA Hanga C. Galfalvy PhD Ainsley K. Burke PhD M. Elizabeth Sublette MD PhD Maria A. Oquendo MD J. John Mann MD Michael F. Grunebaum MD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2017,47(6):660-671
Social support is thought to protect against the risk of suicidal behavior in young people and late life, but less is known about the role of friendship in adults. We explored the effect of friendship on suicide attempt risk during 1‐year follow‐up of 132 adults presenting with major depressive episode (MDE). Items from the Social Adjustment Scale–Self‐Report were used as an index of frequency and quality of recent friendship contacts. Survival methods tested associations of friendship with risk of suicide attempt, recurrent MDE, and related outcomes during follow‐up. Impaired friendship predicted greater risk of suicide attempt in an unadjusted Cox model. This association was stronger for quality (p = .009) than frequency (p = .081) of friendship contacts. In the adjusted model, the effect of friendship on suicide attempts was largely explained by self‐reported depression severity. Friendship has a potentially bidirectional relationship with depression, and its effect on suicidal behavior appears to occur through its relationship with depression. Future research should examine the effect of antidepressant treatment on friendship and be designed to test mediation models of relationships between friendship, depression, and suicidal behavior. 相似文献
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293.
Jodi J. Frey PhD Philip J. Osteen PhD Tanya L. Sharpe PhD Amanda O. Mosby MA Thomas Joiner PhD Brian Ahmedani PhD Derek Iwamoto PhD Boyoung Nam PhD Sally Spencer-Thomas PsyD Jungyai Ko PhD Orrin D. Ware MSW Rachel Imboden MSW Michelle M. Cornette PhD Jon Gilgoff MSW 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2023,53(1):137-153
294.
Consoli L 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(3):533-541
The Schön misconduct case has been widely publicized in the media and has sparked intense discussions within and outside the scientific community about general issues of science ethics. This paper analyses the Report of the official Committee charged with the investigation in order to show that what at first seems to be a quite uncontroversial case, turns out to be an accumulation of many interesting and non-trivial questions (of both ethical and philosophical interest). In particular, the paper intends to show that daily scientific practices are structurally permeated by chronic problems; this has serious consequences for how practicing scientists assess their work in general, and scientific misconduct in particular. A philosophical approach is proposed that sees scientific method and scientific ethics as inextricably interwoven. Furthermore, the paper intends to show that the definition of co-authorship that the members of the Committee use, although perhaps clear in theory, proves highly problematic in practice and raises more questions that it answers. A final plea is made for a more self-reflecting attitude of scientists as far as the moral and methodological profile of science is concerned as a key element for improving not only their scientific achievements, but also their assessment of problematic cases. 相似文献
295.
Fostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Steneck NH 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):53-74
Over the last 25 years, a small but growing body of research on research behavior has slowly provided a more complete and critical understanding of research practices, particularly in the biomedical and behavioral sciences. The results of this research suggest that some earlier assumptions about irresponsible conduct are not reliable, leading to the conclusion that there is a need to change the way we think about and regulate research behavior. This paper begins with suggestions for more precise definitions of the terms "responsible conduct of research," "research ethics," and "research integrity." It then summarizes the findings presented in some of the more important studies of research behavior, looking first at levels of occurrence and then impact. Based on this summary, the paper concludes with general observations about priorities and recommendations for steps to improve the effectiveness of efforts to respond to misconduct and foster higher standards for integrity in research. 相似文献
296.
297.
Deborah G. Johnson PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(4):445-461
In this paper I use the concept of forbidden knowledge to explore questions about putting limits on science. Science has generally been understood to seek and produce objective truth, and this understanding of science has grounded its claim to freedom of inquiry. What happens to decision making about science when this claim to objective, disinterested truth is rejected? There are two changes that must be made to update the idea of forbidden knowledge for modern science. The first is to shift from presuming that decisions to constrain or even forbid knowledge can be made from a position of omniscience (perfect knowledge) to recognizing that such decisions made by human beings are made from a position of limited or partial knowledge. The second is to reject the idea that knowledge is objective and disinterested and accept that knowledge (even scientific knowledge) is interested. In particular, choices about what knowledge gets created are normative, value choices. When these two changes are made to the idea of forbidden knowledge, questions about limiting or forbidding lines of inquiry are shown to distract attention from the more important matters of who makes and how decisions are made about what knowledge is produced. Much more attention should be focused on choosing directions in science, and as this is done, the matter of whether constraints should be placed on science will fall into place. 相似文献
298.
Eugen Tarnow PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(1):73-88
A questionnaire probing the distribution of authorship credit was given to postdoctoral associates (“postdocs”) in order to
determine their awareness of the professional society’s ethical statement on authorship, the extent of communication with
their supervisors about authorship criteria, and the appropriateness of authorship assignments on submitted papers.
Results indicate a low awareness of the professional society’s ethical statement and that little communication takes place
between postdocs and supervisors about authorship criteria. A substantial amount of authorship credit given to supervisors
and other workers is perceived by the postdocs to violate the professional society’s ethical statement. 相似文献
299.
Len Ackland Karen Dorn Steele JoAnn M. Valenti PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):181-190
Invited media scholars and journalists examine the general issue of nuclear waste, risk and the sicentific promises that were made, but not kept, about safe disposal. The mass media uncovered and reported on nuclear waste problems at Rocky Flats in Colorado and Hanford in Washington. Two environmental journalists review efforts to expose problems at these sites, how secrecy hampered reporting, and the effects of media coverage on nearby residents. An environmental communications scholar evaluates media coverage, the role of the U.S. Department of Energy, and the impact of secrecy on public risk perceptions and attitudes toward government nuclear waste policies. 相似文献
300.
Genetic discrimination is becoming an increasingly important problem in the United States. Information acquired from genetic
tests has been used by insurance companies to reject applications for insurance policies and to refuse payment for the treatment
of illnesses. Numerous states and the United States Congress have passed or are considering passage of laws that would forbid
such use of genetic information by health insurance companies. Here we argue that much of this legislation is severely flawed
because of the difficulty in distinguishing genetic from nongenetic tests. In addition, barring the use by insurance companies
of a genetic test but not a nongenetic test (conceivably for the same multifactorial disease) raises issues of fairness in
health insurance. These arguments suggest that ultimately the problems arising from genetic discrimination cannot be solved
by narrowly focused legislation but only by a modification of the entire health care system. 相似文献