损害赔偿:中国法的体系、问题与立法改进

引言损害赔偿是民法中最基本、最核心的问题之一,民法典关于损害赔偿规范的设计和构成,可以反映出起草者对于损害赔偿的认识程度,可以作为评价民法典优劣的一个尺度。法典化本身是大陆法系的特色之一,中国民法法典化的进程,也应当遵循大陆法系通常的做法,即通过层次结构和提取公因式的技术,使法典简约化。本文准备先考察、整理和分析我国现行的损害赔偿法的体系构成,揭示其存在的不足及问题;考察已存在的民法典官方草案与学者草案(分别由梁慧星、王利明、徐国栋主持的三个学者草案),分析其得失、评价其优劣;最后就损害赔偿的基本问题,提示若…     

释道安与魏晋玄学

所谓格义,即中国早期佛教学者利用中国固有的名词、概念以诠释佛经奥义的做法.实事证明,释道安对格义之法并不反对,他所否定的只是机械比附.无论是他的佛学本体论还是他的禅数思想,可以说都是通过借鉴魏晋玄学建构起来的.在处理外来文化时,在不扭曲其本质精神的前提下,却能将它与本土文化的矛盾降到最低,这样的明智做法显然是非常值得肯定的.通过释道安佛学思想的建立,我们可以再次见出我国早期佛界学人的博大心胸和高超智慧.     

王重阳入道东行等事迹辨析

王重阳早年曾有过一段浪子生涯,这不符合教主的形象,却体现了他入道的心路历程。遇仙可能是他对自己的"包装",他所追述的师承谱系也可能是一种学术上的传承,而并非真的有师徒授受。其东行的原因除了终南传道失败等外,也与其"蓬莱仙境"的神仙信仰有关。其东行的目的,不只是传道,也是为了悟道。东行前,他虽然有长途跋涉的准备,但却无确切的目的地。到达昆嵛山一带是信步云游所至,也是一路上没有寻到真正"知友"的原因,更是其"蓬莱仙境"信仰在无形中指引的结果。     

Suicide Risk across Latent Class Subgroups: A Test of the Generalizability of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide

It remains unclear whether the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS; Joiner, 2005 ) is generalizable to the population or holds more explanatory power for certain subgroups compared to others. The aim of this study was to (1) identify subgroups of individuals who endorsed suicide ideation in the past month based on a range of mental health and demographic variables, (2) compare levels of the IPTS constructs within these subgroups, and (3) test the IPTS predictions for suicide ideation and suicide attempt for each group. Latent class, negative binomial, linear, and logistic regression analyses were conducted on population‐based data obtained from 1,321 adults recruited from Facebook. Among participants reporting suicide ideation, four distinct patterns of risk factors emerged based on age and severity of mental health symptoms. Groups with highly elevated mental health symptoms reported the highest levels of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Tests of the IPTS interactions provided partial support for the theory, primarily in young adults with elevated mental health symptoms. Lack of support found for the IPTS predictions across the subgroups and full sample in this study raise some questions around the broad applicability of the theory.     

Testing Variance Components in Linear Mixed Modeling Using Permutation

Abstract

Inference of variance components in linear mixed modeling (LMM) provides evidence of heterogeneity between individuals or clusters. When only nonnegative variances are allowed, there is a boundary (i.e., 0) in the variances’ parameter space, and regular inference statistical procedures for such a parameter could be problematic. The goal of this article is to introduce a practically feasible permutation method to make inferences about variance components while considering the boundary issue in LMM. The permutation tests with different settings (i.e., constrained vs. unconstrained estimation, specific vs. generalized test, different ways of calculating p values, and different ways of permutation) were examined with both normal data and non-normal data. In addition, the permutation tests were compared to likelihood ratio (LR) tests with a mixture of chi-squared distributions as the reference distribution. We found that the unconstrained permutation test with the one-sided p-value approach performed better than the other permutation tests and is a useful alternative when the LR tests are not applicable. An R function is provided to facilitate the implementation of the permutation tests, and a real data example is used to illustrate the application. We hope our results will help researchers choose appropriate tests when testing variance components in LMM.