汉字词在不同方位与不同排列组合条件下对念读速度与准确性的影响

本研究探讨了汉字词在不同方位与不同排列组合条件下对念读速度与准确性的影响.实验结果表明逆意排列的汉字词处于不同方位(正位、左右倾斜90°、倒位),对汉字词的念读速度产生明显影响.汉字词处于正位时,念读速度最快;其次是处于左斜与右斜90°;对汉字词的念读速度最慢而准确性最低是处于倒位时(汉字词颠倒).汉字词无论是顺意排列或是逆意排列,正位结果均明显优于倒位结果;但汉字词在倒位顺意排列条件下,结果优于正位逆意排列的结果,这表明,字词间的意义联系的作用大于字词方位的作用.     

中小学生欺负者归因特点的研究

本研究以归因理论为依据,采用自编的中小学生欺负者归因量表对3-9年级学生施测,以考察中小学生欺负者归因的基本特点。结果发现:(1)中小学生较多地从IUC上知觉欺负者的欺负行为,较少从ESU上知觉该行为;(2)在ISC、ISU、IUC、EUC、EUU这五个原因上存在性别差异;(3)除ESU外的七项原因的知觉上存在组别差异;(4)对八项原因的知觉上均存在显著性年级差异;(5)独生子女因素对欺负者归因不存在显著性影响。     

龙虎与丹经

在南阳汉代画像石中,有一幅神秘的龙虎呼吸图(见篇末),这幅图的涵义学术界一直不得其解。我们在研究道家丹经的时候,才恍然悟出原来是有关丹经的形象图。《周易参同契》是丹经之祖,作者魏伯阳是东汉人,有丹经王的美称。该书朱子考异前序中引五代彭晓的话说:“魏伯阳会稽上虞人……得古人《龙虎经》,尽获妙旨,乃约《周易》撰《参同契》三篇。”明杨升庵《古文参同契序》中说:“《参同契》为丹经之祖。”又引《悟真篇》中的话说:“叔通受学魏伯阳,留为万古丹经王。”在魏伯阳之先就有《龙虎经》流传于世,后经魏伯阳的实践与发挥,《龙虎经》便…     

今传王弼本《老子》分篇分章源流考

《老子》书大致从战国晚期就开始以道经为上篇、德经为下篇,到王弼为《老子》作注时,《老子》的篇次和章句划分应该初步稳定。唐陆德明采用王弼注为《老子》作音义,并以道、德作为上、下篇题,以后又经历了长时期的流传变化,至明代后期或清代,今传王弼本的篇章结构逐渐固定下来。     

走向终结的现代审美神话

这太可怕了,某人既是鹰又是普罗米修斯：集两者于一身,某人既撕裂自己又被人撕裂。——毕加索这不是偶然碰巧的,十九世纪声称在普罗米修斯身上多面地辨认出自己,但它以一种怪诞(grotesque)的变形来终结这个神话。安德雷·纪德(AndréGide)的《没有缚牢的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus misbound)于1899年凭空出世。借助一     

Maternal employment and child development: a fresh look using newer methods

The employment rate for mothers with young children has increased dramatically over the past 25 years. Estimating the effects of maternal employment on children's development is challenged by selection bias and the missing data endemic to most policy research. To address these issues, this study uses propensity score matching and multiple imputation. The authors compare outcomes across 4 maternal employment patterns: no work in first 3 years postbirth, work only after 1st year, part-time work in 1st year, and full-time work in 1st year. Our results demonstrate small but significant negative effects of maternal employment on children's cognitive outcomes for full-time employment in the 1st year postbirth as compared with employment postponed until after the 1st year. Multiple imputation yields noticeably different estimates as compared with a complete case approach for many measures. Differences between results from propensity score approaches and regression modeling are often minimal.     

The influence of complexes on implicit learning

A century ago, Jung looked into the unconscious through complexes by using word association tests. Jung wrote, 'modern psychology with its investigation of complexes has opened up a psychic taboo area riddled with hopes and fears', and complexes remain an unexplored taboo area of research. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of complexes on unconscious cognitive processing, in particular on implicit learning. We have found that complexes shown to disturb conscious cognitive processing in fact enhanced the attention of the subjects and their performance on an implicit learning task. These results suggest that complexes are not just abstractions, but have various actual influences on both conscious and unconscious processing.     

The Relationship Between Multicultural Counseling Training and the Evaluation of Culturally Sensitive and Culturally Insensitive Counselors

In a study, multicultural counseling training contributed significantly to the variance in ratings of a culturally sensitive counselor. No significant contribution was made to the variance in ratings of the culturally insensitive counselor. Possible explanations and implications of these results in multicultural counseling supervision are discussed.     

Tripartite Mushroom Body Architecture Revealed by Antigenic Markers

We have explored the organization of the axonal lobes in Drosophila mushroom bodies by using a panel of immunohistochemical markers. These markers consist of antibodies to eight proteins expressed preferentially in the mushroom bodies: DAMB, DCO, DRK, FASII, LEO, OAMB, PKA RII, and RUT. Previous to this work, four axonal lobes, two projecting dorsally (α and α′) and two medially (β and γ), had been described in Drosophila mushroom bodies. However, our analysis of immunohistochemically stained frontal and sagittal sections of the brain revealed three medially projecting lobes. The newly distinguished lobe, which we term β′, lies along the dorsal surface of β, just posterior to γ. In addition to resolving a fifth lobe, our studies revealed that there are specific lobe sets defined by equivalent marker expression levels. These sets are (1) the α and β lobes, (2) the α′ and β′ lobes, and (3) the γ lobe and heel (a lateral projection formed by a hairpin turn of some of the peduncle fibers). All of the markers we have examined are consistent with these three sets. Previous Golgi studies demonstrate that each mushroom body cell projects one axon that branches into a dorsal lobe and a medial lobe, or one unbranched axon that projects medially. Taken together with the lobe sets listed above, we propose that there are three major projection configurations of mushroom body cell axons: (1) one branch in the α and one in the β lobe, (2) one branch in the α′ and one in the β′ lobe, and (3) one unbranched axon projecting to the heel and the γ lobe. The fact that these neuron types exhibit differential expression levels of a number of mushroom body genes suggests that they may have corresponding functional differences. These functions may be conserved in the larvae, as several of these genes were expressed in larval and embryonic mushroom bodies as well. The basic mushroom body structure, including the denritic calyx, peduncle, and lobes, was already visible by the late stages of embryogenesis. With new insights into mushroom body organization, and the characterization of markers for developing mushroom bodies, we are beginning to understand how these structures form and function.