Bayes nets and babies: infants' developing statistical reasoning abilities and their representation of causal knowledge

A fundamental assumption of the causal graphical model framework is the Markov assumption, which posits that learners can discriminate between two events that are dependent because of a direct causal relation between them and two events that are independent conditional on the value of another event(s). Sobel and Kirkham (2006) demonstrated that 8-month-old infants registered conditional independence information among a sequence of events; infants responded according to the Markov assumption in such a way that was inconsistent with models that rely on simple calculations of associative strength. The present experiment extends these findings to younger infants, and demonstrates that such responses potentially develop during the second half of the first year of life. These data are discussed in terms of a developmental trajectory between associative mechanisms and causal graphical models as representations of infants' causal and statistical learning.     

The roles of working memory updating and processing speed in mediating age-related differences in fluid intelligence

This study was conducted to investigate the relative roles of working memory updating (updating) and processing speed in mediating age-related differences in fluid intelligence. A sample of 142 normal adults between 18 and 85 years of age performed a set of updating, processing speed, and fluid intelligence tasks. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the proportion of unique age-related variance in updating measures was related to the complexity of speed measures. There was a larger proportion of unique age-related variance in updating measures after controlling for the variance in simpler speed measures. Moreover, structural equation modeling showed that updating mediated almost all the age-related effects on fluid intelligence. These results suggest that updating, but not speed, is the critical mediator between age and fluid intelligence. In addition, the speed mediation of age-related differences in fluid intelligence as indicated by previous studies is at least partially derived from the executive component of speed measures.     

阅读障碍儿童的语言特异性认知缺陷

以41名五六年级的阅读障碍儿童和41名正常儿童为研究对象,系统考察了语言认知能力和一般认知能力与阅读成绩之问的关系.结果发现,障碍儿童在所有的语言认知测验中显著落后于正常儿童,较高比率的儿童存在能力缺陷.而在非语言特异性的一般认知能力测验中,未发现两组存在显著差异的证据,这意味着阅读障碍儿童的认知能力缺陷主要集中在语言认知领域.     

正念禅修在心理治疗和医学领域中的应用

正念禅修渊源于南传佛教中的毗婆舍那禅修传统,指透过如实观察身心变化实相而达至烦恼解脱的禅修方法,于20世纪80年代初被引入心理治疗和医学领域后,其临床应用和相关研究日益增多.本文主要介绍了其中最为突出的正念减压疗法(MBSR)、正念认知行为治疗(MBCT)、辩证行为治疗(DBT),以及正念在创伤治疗中的应用情况;并综述了正念疗法在医疗保健和心理治疗领域的应用、疗效、作用机制等方面的相关研究.     

服务提供者交际活动与顾客忠诚:消费情绪的中介作用

为探讨消费情绪在服务提供者交际活动与顾客忠诚之间的中介作用.采用服务提供者交际活动量表、顾客忠诚量表和消费情绪量表对624名被试进行调查.结构方程模型分析表明,积极情绪能够部分中介服务提供者交际活动对个人忠诚的影响,并能够完全中介服务提供者交际活动对组织忠诚的影响;消极情绪在服务提供者交际活动与顾客忠诚之间的中介作用不显著;顾客对服务提供者的个人忠诚能够完全中介服务提供者交际活动对组织忠诚的影响.     

数学文化与儿童数学认知

数学文化以文化为视角.在人类文化发展的历史过程中审视和理解数学,为我们认识和理解儿童数学认知开辟了全新的方向.作为数学文化的重要内容的数学信念、数学价值观、数学典故、数学符号、数学法则以及实物工具等,在儿童数学认知的知识提取、理解与表征、记忆与策略、认知风格、情绪态度以及自我效能等方面起着重要的影响作用.     

教学计划过程中教学专长的专家一新手比较研究

教学专长的研究多出现在教学实施阶段,且很少描绘教师知识及其组织.本研究运用出声思维法对4组专家与新手教师进行了教学计划过程中知识提取量与质的比较研究,研究发现,与新教师相比,专家教师的教学计划过程更周密、审慎,表现出更精致、联系性更强的教学专长.     

潜艇艇员士气研究

本研究以517名潜艇艇员为被试,对自编"潜艇艇员战斗士气量表"的质量进行了检验.结果表明:潜艇艇员的战斗士气在结构上是由努力、信心、认同、气势、荣誉5个因子构成的二阶因素模型;"潜艇艇员战斗士气量表"质量可靠,具有良好的信度和效度.     

群集化儿童问题行为核查表的中文版修订

将Frick等人的群集化儿童问题行为核查表（the clustering child behaviors checklist,CCBCL）修订为中文版自我报告问卷、教师评定问卷和同伴评定问卷。以529名初一学生为被试进行间卷修订。结果发现：Frick等人提出的外化问题行为框架适合研究中国儿童青少年的外化问题行为,探索性因子分析证明中文版问卷的因子结构与原文卷一致;自我报告、教师评定和同伴评定版问卷的内部一致性系数、分半系数和重测信度系数都在可接受的范围内,且自我报告版问卷中财物损害的各信度系数较低;自我报告结果与同伴拒绝的相关不显著。而教师评定和同伴评定的结果均与同伴拒绝相关显著;同伴评定问卷的各信度系数及通过其获得的测量结果与同伴拒绝的相关性均高于其它两种问卷。     

Two Dimensions of the Ethical Problems Related to Nanotechnology

The current literature on nanoethics focuses on a wide array of topics such as equity, privacy, military, environment, human enhancement, intellectual property, and security. The identification of those topics leads to the adoption of an ethical stance, which we call the in itself dimension. In this article we argue that even though it is correct to identify the areas where ethical problems are imperative to deal with (in itself dimension), it is a partial approach. This is because the in itself dimension pays no attention to another ethical stance; one that does not have anything to do with individual or collective responsibilities, but rather with the socio-economic system into which those responsibilities are embedded. We call this second issue the contextual dimension.