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561.
The ability to play chess is generally assumed to depend on two types of processes: slow processes such as search, and fast processes such as pattern recognition. It has been argued that an increase in time pressure during a game selectively hinders the ability to engage in slow processes. Here we study the effect of time pressure on expert chess performance in order to test the hypothesis that compared to weak players, strong players depend relatively heavily on fast processes. In the first study we examine the performance of players of various strengths at an online chess server, for games played under different time controls. In a second study we examine the effect of time controls on performance in world championship matches. Both studies consistently show that skill differences between players become less predictive of the game outcome as the time controls are tightened. This result indicates that slow processes are at least as important for strong players as they are for weak players. Our findings pose a challenge for current theorizing in the field of expertise and chess. 相似文献
562.
563.
场依存—独立认知方式干扰抑制的比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用镶嵌图形测验筛选出28名被试完成Stroop干扰任务,探讨场依存—独立认知方式的个体在信息加工过程中对无关信息干扰抑制机制的特点和差异。结果表明:(1)场独立者在认知加工中具有较场依存者更强的对无关信息干扰的抑制效能。(2)在Stroop任务中,对字色也存在自动化加工,只是自动化程度较低。 相似文献
564.
Amid criticisms of current paper-and-pencil type questionnaires measuring self-construal across cultural groups, the authors used a graphic representation scale to examine whether Anglo Canadians (N = 220) were more independent than Mainland Chinese (N = 196) and Indians (N = 212) in construing their relationships with closest family member, family members, closest friend, friends, (other) relatives, colleagues, and neighbors. Data generated 5 intriguing findings: (a) Chinese were more interdependent than Canadians but less so than Indians, indicating that Chinese culture has become more individualistic. (b) Canadians were more independent than Chinese in 6 relationship dimensions but were as interdependent as Chinese in self-closest-friend connectedness, somewhat contradicting 1 assumption of theories of independent-interdependent self-construal and individualism-collectivism (I-C). (c) Canadians were more independent than Indians in all relationship dimensions, supporting theories of independent-interdependent self-construal and I-C. (d) Chinese were as interdependent as Indians in self-closest-family-member, self-close-family-members, and self-relatives connectedness but more independent than Indians in the other categories of self-other relationships. (e) Participants' age did not have strong correlations with variables measuring self-construal in any sample, indicating that a person's attachment style may not change greatly over a lifespan. The authors discussed theoretical and methodological implications. 相似文献
565.
An IRT model with a parameter-driven process for change is proposed. Quantitative differences between persons are taken into
account by a continuous latent variable, as in common IRT models. In addition, qualitative interindividual differences and
autodependencies are accounted for by assuming within-subject variability with respect to the parameters of the IRT model.
In particular, the parameters of the IRT model are governed by an unobserved or “hidden'” homogeneous Markov process. The
model includes the mixture linear logistic test model (Mislevy & Verhelst, 1990), the mixture Rasch model (Rost, 1990), and
the Saltus model (Wilson, 1989) as specific instances. The model is applied to a longitudinal experiment on discontinuity
in conservation acquisition (van der Maas, 1993).
Frank Rijmen was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), the GOA/2000/02 granted by the Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven to Paul De Boeck and Iven Van Mechelen, and the PDM/02/067 granted by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven to Paul De
Boeck. 相似文献
566.
567.
San-Jin Han 《Human Studies》2001,24(1-2):113-132
This paper attempts to explain why and how the middle class in Korea decisively joined the democratic movement in 1987 by drawing special attention to the role played by the middling grassroots (MG). MG was formed out of the common experience of student activism and contesting subcultures, which were widely dispersed over Korean university campuses during the 1980s. In addition, this paper examines the contrasting views on the Korean democratic transition by Bruce Cumings and Adam Przeworski. This substantive analysis attempts to show how such discord can be resolved by working out a mediating variable between action and social structure. It is suggested that the concept of MG is a good example of such a mediating variable. 相似文献
568.
Overexpression of and RNA interference with the CCAAT enhancer-binding protein on long-term facilitation of Aplysia sensory to motor synapses 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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Lee JA Kim HK Kim KH Han JH Lee YS Lim CS Chang DJ Kubo T Kaang BK 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2001,8(4):220-226
In the marine mollusk Aplysia, the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, ApC/EBP, serves as an immediate early gene in the consolidation of long-term facilitation in the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor neurons of the gill-withdrawal reflex. To further examine the role of ApC/EBP as a molecular switch of a stable form of long-term memory, we cloned the full-length coding regions of two alternatively spliced forms, the short and long form of ApC/EBP. Overexpression of each isoform by DNA microinjection resulted in a l6-fold increase in the expression of the coinjected luciferase reporter gene driven by an ERE promoter. In addition, when we overexpressed ApC/EBP in Aplysia sensory neurons, we found that the application of a single pulse of 5-HT that normally induced only short-term facilitation now induced long-term facilitation. Conversely, when we attempted to block the synthesis of native ApC/EBP by microinjecting double-strand RNA or antisense RNA, we blocked long-term facilitation in a sequence-specific manner. These data support the idea that ApC/EBP is both necessary and sufficient to consolidate short-term memory into long-term memory. Furthermore, our results suggest that this double-strand RNA interference provides a powerful tool in the study of the genes functioning in learning and memory in Aplysia by specifically inhibiting both the constitutive and induced expression of the genes. 相似文献
569.
The nature of shear flow lines in equal-channel angular-pressed (ECAPed) metals has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. Experimental results indicate that, for metals pressed in a right-angle die, the shear flow lines often have an angle of ~27° with respect to the extrusion direction. It is suggested that the shear flow lines are composed of a group of elongated grains with an elongation direction that deviates slightly from that of the shear flow lines. 相似文献
570.
Bing Q. Han Enrique J. Lavernia Farghalli A. Mohamed 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(2):89-96
The mechanical behaviour of bulk ultrafine-grained Al-7.5 wt% Mg alloy consolidated from cryomilled powders has been investigated. The experimental data show that the alloy exhibits high strength, low strain hardening, serrated flow and relatively high ductility. In addition, the data indicate that the yield strength in tension is essentially equal to that in compression. The yield and flow strengths of the alloy are discussed in terms of strengthening processes that are related to grain size, the Orowan mechanism and solid-solution hardening. The serrations in the stress-strain curve are discussed in terms of dynamic strain ageing and deformation twinning. 相似文献