Maybe There Are No Subject-Predicate Sentences in Chinese

In this essay, I argue for the conclusion that the Chinese sentences that are regularly translated into subject-predicate sentences in English may be understood as all non-subject-predicate sentences. My argument is based on the premise that some grammatical features are crucial to yield the sense of contrast between the completeness of subject and the incompleteness of predicate. The absence of such grammatical features in Chinese makes it impossible to establish any criterion for the distinction between subject and predicate in Chinese.     

5·12地震前后灾区大学生生命价值观比较

采用自编大学生生命价值观问卷（LVS）分别三次对灾区大学生进行测试：5·12地震前1年、震后2周、震后5个月。结果表明:（1）自编的大学生生命价值观问卷（LVS）包括存在价值、目标价值、规则价值三个维度,探索性与验证性因素分析证明问卷具有良好的信效度。（2）在LVS总分和其存在价值维度上,震后2周得分均高于震前1年和震后5个月。（3）在存在价值取向维度上,女生震后2周和震后5个月得分显著高于男生;理科生震后2周得分高于震后5个月和震前1年,理科生震后2周得分显著高于文科生。（4）在规则价值取向维度上,文科生震后2周得分显著低于震后5个月,文科生震后2周得分显著低于理科生     

Self-construal priming modulates the scope of visual attention

Although it is well documented that cultures influence basic cognitive processes such as attention, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that self-concepts that characterize people from different cultures mediate the variation of visual attention. After being primed with self-construals that emphasize the Eastern interdependent self or the Western independent self, Chinese participants were asked to discriminate a central target letter flanked by compatible or incompatible stimuli (Experiment 1) or global/local letters in a compound stimulus (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 showed that, while responses were slower to the incompatible than to the compatible stimuli, this flanker compatibility effect was increased by the interdependent relative to the independent self-construal priming. Experiment 2 showed that the interdependent-self priming resulted in faster responses to the global than to the local targets in compound letters whereas a reverse pattern was observed in the independent-self priming condition. The results provide evidence for dynamics of the scope of visual attention as a function of self-construal priming that switches self-concept toward the interdependent or independent styles in Chinese.     

Conceptualizing Personal and Extrapersonal Associations

We recently introduced the term ‘extrapersonal associations’ and defined them as information that is available in memory but that does not contribute to one's attitudes toward a given object ( Olson & Fazio, 2004 ). Here, we review our conceptualization of the term, contrast it to our conceptualization of attitudes as personal associations, and briefly summarize evidence that the Implicit Association Test, as it is traditionally employed, is influenced by extrapersonal associations. We discuss recent critiques of the concept and in so doing, elaborate upon the essence of the personal versus extrapersonal distinction. We conclude with speculations on the nature of extrapersonal associations, their origins, and relationship to attitudes.     

Attentional capture is contingent on the interaction between task demand and stimulus salience

The aim of this research was to investigate the potential impacts of task demand and stimulus salience on the stimulus-driven attentional capture effect. The participants performed an inefficient visual search task while an irrelevant luminance singleton was present. In Experiment 1, the task demand was manipulated while the stimulus salience of the irrelevant singleton was fixed. With the same salient singleton, the attentional capture effect was observed in the low-difficulty condition but disappeared in the high-difficulty condition. In Experiment 2, the stimulus salience was manipulated while the task demand was fixed. With the same task, the highly salient singleton captured attention, whereas the relatively lowly salient singleton could not. In Experiment 3, both task demand and stimulus salience were manipulated simultaneously. The stimulus-driven attentional capture effect by the irrelevant singleton increased not only as the task demand decreased but also as the stimulus salience increased. The present study might provide a way to reconcile conflicting findings in the attentional capture literature; the underlying neural mechanism is discussed. 2009 The Psychonomic Society, Inc.     

“要有创造性”指导语效应及其对创造性教学的启示

“要有创造性”指导语效应（effects of explicit instructions to“be creative”）,是指在创造力测验或实验任务中,明确要求“要有创造性”（be creative）的指导语,能够促进被试的创造性表现的现象。该效应的理论解释主要有最大化表现理论、目标设置理论和注意控制理论。在指导语中对“创造性”作出解释、创造性任务的类型以及被试特征,都会影响“要有创造性”指导语效应的产生。在创造性教学过程中,可以根据“要有创造性”指导语效应发生的机制,从设置创造性目标、根据任务特征施加精细指导、结合学生特征实施个性化教学三个方面,设计创造性活动,以促进学生创新能力的发展。     

Eliciting Subjective Probabilities through Pair‐wise Comparisons

We propose and test a novel approach for eliciting subjective joint probabilities. In the proposed approach, judges compare pairs of possible outcomes and identify which of the two is more likely and by how much. These pair‐wise comparative judgments create a matrix of ratio judgments from which the target probabilities are extracted using the rows' (or columns') geometric means. In Study 1, subjects provided direct assessments of the likelihood of joint events (e.g., sunny days and stock market gains) and also made pair‐wise comparisons of the same joint events. Subjects in Study 2 learnt the distribution of hypothetical events pairs and provided direct and ratio estimates. In both studies, the ratio estimates were significantly more accurate than the direct estimates. The results suggest that it is possible to elicit probabilistic estimates without explictly asking for probabilities and that the pair‐wise approach is a candidate for complementing or replacing traditional elicitation approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

视知觉神经心理障碍的内隐和外显加工分离及其神经基础

外显和内隐认知功能区别的关键是有无意识觉察的出现,脑损伤神经心理障碍为探讨内隐/外显加工的“纯净”分离提供了可能。通过对典型的视知觉神经障碍中的盲视、认识不能、单侧忽视的内隐和外显加工分离的实验证据及其神经基础的探讨,证明了视知觉神经心理障碍的内隐加工完好和外显加工损伤之间的分离,说明内隐和外显加工有着不同的神经基础,但这种分离的神经基础是什么以及这种分离的本质还有待于进一步的研究。视知觉神经心理障碍的内隐/外显加工的反向损伤是没有进行研究的领域。     

应用项目反应理论对《中国士兵人格问卷》的项目分析

采用项目反应理论（IRT）对《中国士兵人格问卷》进行项目分析。计算机呈现中国士兵人格问卷（CSPQ）对100,523名适龄男性青年进行测验,随机抽取2676名任一维度标准分均低于70的定为合格组;将任一维度大于70分并经专业人员访谈不合格的274名定为不合格组;从精神病院抽取男性年龄相当的221名缓解期精神分裂症患者定为精神病组,并完成CSPQ测验。运用基于IRT的双参数Logistic模型进行分析;结果发现,区分度参数超过区间(0.30,4.00)的条目删除前后,被试的能力值与标准分均存在显著相关;精神病组的测验分数经IRT分析,图形曲线与不合格组有高度吻合。研究结果说明,在测验精度基本相同的条件下,应用IRT可以减少施测条目,提高测验效率,可在一定程度上更精确地区分被试的特质水平