The role of pattern recognition in children's exact enumeration of small numbers

Enumeration can be accomplished by subitizing, counting, estimation, and combinations of these processes. We investigated whether the dissociation between subitizing and counting can be observed in 4‐ to 6‐year‐olds and studied whether the maximum number of elements that can be subitized changes with age. To detect a dissociation between subitizing and counting, it is tested whether task manipulations have different effects in the subitizing than in the counting range. Task manipulations concerned duration of presentation of elements (limited, unlimited) and configuration of elements (random, line, dice). In Study 1, forty‐nine 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds were tested with a computerized enumeration task. Study 2 concerned data from 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐year‐olds, collected with Math Garden, a computer‐adaptive application to practice math. Both task manipulations affected performance in the counting, but not the subitizing range, supporting the conclusion that children use two distinct enumeration processes in the two ranges. In all age groups, the maximum number of elements that could be subitized was three. The strong effect of configuration of elements suggests that subitizing might be based on a general ability of pattern recognition.     

罗钦顺哲学理气论与心性论关系再探讨

罗钦顺心性论对于心有两个向度的强调：一方面，虚灵、知觉、神识描述了一种作为认识功能的心；另一方面，心性体用这个思路描述了一种作为性体之现象的心。心如上两个层次的意义必然引发出两种不同的心性关系。其中，心性体用的关系和理气论中的理气一物较为融贯，而心性能所的关系则与此不太融贯。罗钦顺肯定没有像批评他的刘宗周、黄宗羲那样直接主张心与气的平行对应关系。不过，以朱子学作为衡量标准，罗钦顺的理气论与心性论之间没有明显的不统一。只能说罗钦顺哲学在心性论内部因为对心的定义有多层，心性关系并非形式上只有一层，这里会产生形式上的不一致。     

宗教公益信托:宗教组织进入社会服务领域的新模式

宗教组织与信徒介入和举办各种类型的社会公益事业,被认为是当代中国宗教达致与社会主义社会相适应目标之基本途径。但在现有政策框架下,宗教组织缺乏进入社会服务领域的渠道和途径。本文借鉴海外宗教公益信托的经验,拟对以公益信托方式支援我国宗教界进入社会服务领域的可行性与优势进行了初步探讨。     

近代日本佛教净土真宗东、西本愿寺派与中国西藏及藏传佛教的接触

从19世纪末开始,伴随着日本军国主义对中国侵略活动的深入,日本当局将其侵略、渗透的魔掌伸向我国西藏地区.其中日本佛教净土真宗东、西本愿寺派也参与其中,以到西藏"探险"、"求经"以及建立佛教联系等为名,从事了一系列渗透我国西藏的活动,为日本帝国主义的侵略体制服务,发挥了配合与协助侵略的作用.     

“国家神道”概念再考——以加藤玄智“国家神道”论为中心

"国家神道"作为近代日本兼具政治和宗教双重性质的国家意识形态,是驱使日本国民参与战争的有力思想武器。但是,近年来,部分保守派学者以《神道指令》为依据,企图歪曲"国家神道"概念,开脱战争责任,并以此对日本国宪法规定的"政教分离"原则进行历史性修正。然而,《神道指令》中"国家神道"一词的最早提出者--加藤玄智,其"国家神道"论,原本便包含着鼓吹"忠君爱目"精神的内容,爱国之精神,并从实质上赋予"国家神道"以日本"国教"的地位。     

It’s a journey: from media effects to dynamic systems

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to demonstrate how an analytical paradigm shift from the General Linear Model (GLM) used in most communication processes and effects research to dynamic systems theory (DST, a nonlinear mathematical theory), fundamentally changes one’s research assumptions and research questions and leads to novel approaches to research design, data collection, and analysis. Concrete examples demonstrating these changes are drawn from the co-viewing literature. In addition, we discuss how data collected and interpreted using the GLM can be re-analyzed and re-interpreted to further inform our understanding of communication behavior when we use the assumptions of dynamic systems theory to derive new predictions.     

对环境伦理学成立依据及其学科地位争论的考察

我国对环境伦理学的研究始于20世纪80年代初,最先是对西方的论著进行评介,随后展开独立的理论建构.因为"环境伦理学"/"生态伦理学"是一个全新的伦理学概念和理论体系,学界对这个概念的及其理论内容的认识还存在分歧,这种分歧导致了对环境伦理学学科地位、学科性质的争论.这种争论促进了环境伦理学研究在我国的发展.     

Psychosocial–Environmental Risk Factors for Suicide Attempts in Adolescents with Suicidal Ideation: Findings from a Sample of 73,238 Adolescents

We determined risk factors that discriminate between suicide attempt (SA) adolescents and suicidal ideation only (SI only) adolescents using data from the 2010 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web‐based Survey (12–19 years; N = 73,238). In males, heavy alcohol use, drug use, and high perceived sadness/hopelessness showed significant effects on the presence of SA versus the presence of SI only. In females, along with these variables, low academic achievement, poor perceived health status, high perceived stress, and unhealthy coping strategy were also significantly related to the presence of SA versus SI only. Therefore, clinical interventions targeting adolescents' psychological distress are warranted to prevent suicide.