A Bivariate Generalized Linear Item Response Theory Modeling Framework to the Analysis of Responses and Response Times

A generalized linear modeling framework to the analysis of responses and response times is outlined. In this framework, referred to as bivariate generalized linear item response theory (B-GLIRT), separate generalized linear measurement models are specified for the responses and the response times that are subsequently linked by cross-relations. The cross-relations can take various forms. Here, we focus on cross-relations with a linear or interaction term for ability tests, and cross-relations with a curvilinear term for personality tests. In addition, we discuss how popular existing models from the psychometric literature are special cases in the B-GLIRT framework depending on restrictions in the cross-relation. This allows us to compare existing models conceptually and empirically. We discuss various extensions of the traditional models motivated by practical problems. We also illustrate the applicability of our approach using various real data examples, including data on personality and cognitive ability.     

Screening alloy electrocatalysts by combining magnetron sputtering and scanning electrochemical microscopy

A high-throughput approach for developing materials is revolutionizing the current trial-and-error mode with great potential for accelerating the process. Here, we propose a simple approach combining multitarget sputtering and scanning electrochemical microscopy for the screening of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. The ternary Co–Ni–Cu system is used as to demonstrate the feasibility of the strategy. The optimized composition for a HER catalyst is determined to be Co₁₄Ni₅₃Cu₃₃.     

Tension and compression of bulk Al-7.5 wt% Mg alloy

The mechanical behaviour of bulk ultrafine-grained Al-7.5 wt% Mg alloy consolidated from cryomilled powders has been investigated. The experimental data show that the alloy exhibits high strength, low strain hardening, serrated flow and relatively high ductility. In addition, the data indicate that the yield strength in tension is essentially equal to that in compression. The yield and flow strengths of the alloy are discussed in terms of strengthening processes that are related to grain size, the Orowan mechanism and solid-solution hardening. The serrations in the stress-strain curve are discussed in terms of dynamic strain ageing and deformation twinning.     

Nature of shear flow lines in equal-channel angular-pressed metals and alloys

The nature of shear flow lines in equal-channel angular-pressed (ECAPed) metals has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. Experimental results indicate that, for metals pressed in a right-angle die, the shear flow lines often have an angle of ～27° with respect to the extrusion direction. It is suggested that the shear flow lines are composed of a group of elongated grains with an elongation direction that deviates slightly from that of the shear flow lines.     

Dislocations in Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors

Abstract

Dislocations and dislocation networks in superconducting Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O have been observed by means of TEM, confirming that this compound is a layer structure with low stacking fault energy. On the basal plane, dislocations and dislocation networks dissociate into partial dislocations and partial dislocation networks. However, the dissociation of [010] dislocations is hardly observed, which is related to the structural characteristics of the compound.     

Thermophysical properties of undercooled liquid cobalt

The surface tension of undercooled liquid cobalt has been measured by the oscillating-drop technique combined with electromagnetic levitation. The accuracy of the method was verified by measurements of the surface tension of liquid nickel. The liquid cobalt was undercooled by up to 231K (0.13T _m), and its surface tension determined to be σ_Co =1875 0.348(T-T _m)mNm^-1. From this result, the viscosity, self-diffusion coefficient, density and thermal diffusivity of undercooled liquid cobalt were derived. Using these thermophysical parameters, the growth velocity of cobalt dendrite is calculated and shown to agree well with experimental results. Furthermore, the Marangoni number and the Rayleigh number are calculated; these increase slowly with increasing degree of undercooling.     

Green's functions of magnetoelectroelastic solids with a half-plane boundary or bimaterial interface

Green's functions for magnetoelectroelastic medium with an arbitrarily oriented half-plane or bimaterial interface are presented in this paper. The derivation is based on an extended Stroh's formalism and coordinate-transform technique. In particular, a new coordinate variable is introduced to handle vertical or other boundary problems. These Green's functions satisfy related boundary or interface conditions. The Green's functions obtained can be used to establish boundary-element formulation and to analyse fracture behaviour involving half-plane boundaries or bimaterial interfaces.     

通货膨胀、通货紧缩和产品类型对货币幻觉的影响

货币幻觉是指经济交易活动中,人们因倾向于以货币的名义价值而非实际价值思考从而对其消费和投资行为造成影响的一种认知偏差。本研究探讨了在通货膨胀和通货紧缩下以及产品类型对货币幻觉程度的影响。研究发现,在通货膨胀或通货紧缩下,大部分被试判断经济状况时不受货币名义价值的影响,而判断快乐程度和离职意向时受到货币名义价值的影响;在相同的涨价幅度下被试对日常消费品和昂贵消费品涨价幅度的判断差异显著,昂贵消费品引起人们更高程度的货币幻觉。     

The Attitudinal Entropy (AE) Framework as a General Theory of Individual Attitudes

Abstract

This article introduces the Attitudinal Entropy (AE) framework, which builds on the Causal Attitude Network model that conceptualizes attitudes as Ising networks. The AE framework rests on three propositions. First, attitude inconsistency and instability are two related indications of attitudinal entropy, a measure of randomness derived from thermodynamics. Second, energy of attitude configurations serves as a local processing strategy to reduce the global entropy of attitude networks. Third, directing attention to and thinking about attitude objects reduces attitudinal entropy. We first discuss several determinants of attitudinal entropy reduction and show that several findings in the attitude literature, such as the mere thought effect on attitude polarization and the effects of heuristic versus systematic processing of arguments, follow from the AE framework. Second, we discuss the AE framework’s implications for ambivalence and cognitive dissonance.