Psychological Adjustment and Coping Styles of Urban African American High School Students

In a study of African American (n = 208) urban high school students, grade point average (GPA) and specific strategies for coping with day-to-day stressors were found to be significantly related to psychological adjustment. Students who had higher GPAs tended to use family members as a means of solving problems, minimized problems by the use of humor, and used relaxation activities less often were found to have the most positive psychological adjustment, as measured by the index score of the Affects Balance Scale (ABS). Reported negative affect was not found to be significantly influenced by coping style, whereas positive affect was.     

Looming Responses to Obstacles and Apertures: The Role of Accretion and Deletion of Background Texture

Successful navigation in the world requires differentiating an obstacle in one's path from an aperture through which one could pass. An approaching obstacle is specified by texture expansion within the obstacle's contour and the deletion of background texture outside the object. In contrast, an approaching aperture contains texture expansion within the aperture's frame and accretion of background texture within the aperture's contour. This study investigated 3- to 5-month-old infants' discrimination of obstacles from apertures, examining eyeblink responses to the movement of both kinds of objects against backgrounds varying in salience. Obstacles produced stronger looming reactions than apertures, and the salience of the background influenced responses to apertures but not obstacles. These findings imply that infants differentiate obstacles from apertures based on their relative patterns of accretion versus deletion of background texture, and suggest that infants recognize the functional consequences of contact with these objects.     

多个非线索化位置易代的一项实验研究

现在采用返回抑制范式所进行的空间非信息线索作用的研究,大多以非线索化位置反应时为参照,发现线索化位置的反应先易化后抑制。后者即返回抑制。本研究采用在返回抑制范式上增设中性线索化条件的方法,发现当靶子可以出现的位置为四个时,相对于中性线索化条件,非线索化位置反应快。这种非线索化位置的易化作用是独立存在的,它能使生物体尽快地对出现在多个非线索化位置的靶子作出反应。     

时间顺序信息加工的实验研究

该研究运用Ｇｌｕｃｋｓｂｅｒｇ和ＭｃＣｌｏｓｋｅｙ（１９８１）的问答模型,通过两个实验检查了项目的时序信息是通过项目学习时的时序编码获得的,还是在项目提取时建构的;时序加工是自动的,还是控制的两个问题。结果表明：项目的时序信息是通过项目学习时的时序编码获得的,而不是在项目提取时建构的;时序信息的编码是控制的。     

胎教音乐对胎儿影响的实验研究

该项研究从三个方面探讨了胎教音乐对胎儿的作用。结果发现：胎教音乐可以使胎动时间延长,并证明在胎儿后期即存在条件反射;胎儿出生后能够再认胎教音乐,说明在胎儿后期已经存在听觉记忆;胎儿的性别及神经活动类型是影响其对音乐反应的重要因素。该研究的意义在于：证明了胎儿期心理现象的存在。把对“胎儿期有无心理现象”的历史争论引入了心理学的实验过程。     

认知作业年老化的比较研究

用言语—操作和人机对话两种方式完成１２项认知作业年老化比较研究,被试２４２人,４６－７５岁。结果表明：（１）一些作业（符号数字、视觉数字广度、听觉数字广度、词对联想学习、图象自由回忆和无意图形再认）成绩随年老明显下降,另一些作业（图象分类、卡片分类、心算和矩阵填图）成绩不随年老明显降低;（２）再次验证心算、符号数字、数字鉴别和计数四项非词语性作业速度随年老进行性减慢。     

目标结构与学习动机

本文概述了目标结构理论的形成及发展,并进一步论述了在教学中不同的目标结构,导致学生间不间的相互关系,从而使学生形成不同的学习动机,取得不同的学业成就。竞争目标结构激发的是能力中心的动机系统;个体化目标结构激发的是任务掌握的动机系统;合作目标结构激发的是道德中心的动机系统。由此,我们认为在当前的教学实践中应重视合作目标结构的建立。     

记忆与学习的脑化学研究——海马内注射胰蛋白酶与核糖核酸酶对大白鼠暗箱回避模式记忆的影响

问题的提出 记忆与学习的规律及其脑机制的研究,历来是生理心理学中最为活跃而富有成效的研究领域之一。随着分子生物学、神经化学与脑科学研究的近代进展,“记忆之谜”——特别是记忆与学习的脑化学基础(分子基础),正越来越引起心理学、生物学、医药学及有关研究者们的广泛重视与热烈讨论。本世纪三十年代,以美国著名心理学家     

Inverse statistics and misperception of exponential growth

Exponential growth presented by numerical series or graphs is grossly underestimated by human subjects. This misperception was considerably lessened by presenting decreasing functions; this conclusion holds for both numeric and graphic stimuli. In the numerical conditions, about 25% of the subjects performed according to the statistical norm. In contrast with previous results, considerable individual differences with respect to sensitivity for rate of growth were observed. This finding was interpreted in terms of task difficulty: Extrapolation of ascending series is too difficult a task to be discriminative. Extrapolation of descending series is much easier, and may therefore better discriminate among subjects.