维特根斯坦《哲学研究》第109节的翻译及理解问题

<哲学研究>是后期维特根斯坦的代表作.第109节是该书中非常关键的一节.在其翻译和理解上在诸多解释者之间存在着比较严重的分歧.在这篇文章中,笔者对相关的不同的翻译和理解进行了简要的分析和批评,并给出了自己的处理.     

抑郁症早醒对事件相关电位的关系研究

本研究旨在探讨抑郁症睡眠障碍早醒与事件相关电位P300的关系。 通过对22例抑郁症早醒病人、20例抑郁症非早醒病人及20例健康自愿者进行事件相关电位P300和汉密尔顿抑郁量表检测,结果发现,早醒组与对照组比较P2、N2、P3潜伏期与反应时间明显延长(P＜0.05),P2、N2、P3波幅明显降低;非早醒组与对照组比较N2、P3潜伏期与反应时间明显延长(P＜0.05),N2、P3波幅明显降低;早醒组与非早醒组比较P2、N2、P3潜伏期与反应时间明显延长(P＜0.05),N2、P3波幅明显降低。早醒组HAMD评分明显高于非早醒组(P＜0.05)。研究表明抑郁症早醒与非早醒病人均存在认知功能的损害,损害程度早醒病人比非早醒病人更为严重。     

Utility independence of multiattribute utility theory is equivalent to standard sequence invariance of conjoint measurement

Utility independence is a central condition in multiattribute utility theory, where attributes of outcomes are aggregated in the context of risk. The aggregation of attributes in the absence of risk is studied in conjoint measurement. In conjoint measurement, standard sequences have been widely used to empirically measure and test utility functions, and to theoretically analyze them. This paper shows that utility independence and standard sequences are closely related: utility independence is equivalent to a standard sequence invariance condition when applied to risk. This simple relation between two widely used conditions in adjacent fields of research is surprising and useful. It facilitates the testing of utility independence because standard sequences are flexible and can avoid cancelation biases that affect direct tests of utility independence. Extensions of our results to nonexpected utility models can now be provided easily. We discuss applications to the measurement of quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) in the health domain.     

Why psychologists must change the way they analyze their data: the case of psi: comment on Bem (2011)

Does psi exist? D. J. Bem (2011) conducted 9 studies with over 1,000 participants in an attempt to demonstrate that future events retroactively affect people's responses. Here we discuss several limitations of Bem's experiments on psi; in particular, we show that the data analysis was partly exploratory and that one-sided p values may overstate the statistical evidence against the null hypothesis. We reanalyze Bem's data with a default Bayesian t test and show that the evidence for psi is weak to nonexistent. We argue that in order to convince a skeptical audience of a controversial claim, one needs to conduct strictly confirmatory studies and analyze the results with statistical tests that are conservative rather than liberal. We conclude that Bem's p values do not indicate evidence in favor of precognition; instead, they indicate that experimental psychologists need to change the way they conduct their experiments and analyze their data.     

Cognitive psychology meets psychometric theory: on the relation between process models for decision making and latent variable models for individual differences

This article analyzes latent variable models from a cognitive psychology perspective. We start by discussing work by Tuerlinckx and De Boeck (2005), who proved that a diffusion model for 2-choice response processes entails a 2-parameter logistic item response theory (IRT) model for individual differences in the response data. Following this line of reasoning, we discuss the appropriateness of IRT for measuring abilities and bipolar traits, such as pro versus contra attitudes. Surprisingly, if a diffusion model underlies the response processes, IRT models are appropriate for bipolar traits but not for ability tests. A reconsideration of the concept of ability that is appropriate for such situations leads to a new item response model for accuracy and speed based on the idea that ability has a natural zero point. The model implies fundamentally new ways to think about guessing, response speed, and person fit in IRT. We discuss the relation between this model and existing models as well as implications for psychology and psychometrics.     

Basketball training increases striatum volume

The striatum is associated with the learning and retention of motor skills. Several studies have shown that motor learning induces neuronal changes in the striatum. We investigated whether macroscopic change in striatum volume occurs in a segment of the human population who learned basketball-related motor skills and practiced them throughout their entire athletic life. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging volumetry was performed in basketball players and healthy controls, and striatum volumes were compared based on basketball proficiency, region and side. We identified morphological enlargement in the striatum of basketball players in comparison with controls. Our results suggest that continued practice and repetitive performance of basketball-related motor skills may induce plastic structural changes in the human striatum.     

人格测验中题目正反向陈述的效应

研究中将EPQ和NEO-FFI中的一半题目进行语义反转（肯定陈述的改为否定陈述,否定陈述的改为肯定陈述）,而另一半的题目陈述方向不变,形成的量表用于初测。重测时则把初测问卷中的题目全部进行语义反转。测试后得到363名大学生的正反EPQ和412名大学生的正反NEO-FFI数据。对比发现两套量表在使用正向题时信度略高,而使用反向陈述题目时效度略好;验证性因素分析发现正反向题能测量同一特质。正向题可能更易受反应偏差影响     

中国佛教圆融观及其现代意义

中国佛教运用判教的方式圆融了佛教经典的各种教理,形成了天台、华严两大教理思想体系。中国佛教认为各种修行方法都不过是安心、明心、开悟的方便,从而实现了修行方法上的圆融。中国佛教用“格义”、“比附”、“会通”的办法,与儒道两家相互圆融,在中华文化结构中获得了一席之地。从“不敬王者”到“礼拜君亲”,从“乞食分卫”到“农禅并重”,佛教终于融入了中土世俗社会生活之中,取得了僧俗之间的圆融和谐。当代人间佛教发展的一个基本思想就是,要以圆融的智慧引导佛教与社会主义相适应,与其他宗教和平相处,积极契合当代众生的根性。     

龙虎与丹经

在南阳汉代画像石中,有一幅神秘的龙虎呼吸图(见篇末),这幅图的涵义学术界一直不得其解。我们在研究道家丹经的时候,才恍然悟出原来是有关丹经的形象图。《周易参同契》是丹经之祖,作者魏伯阳是东汉人,有丹经王的美称。该书朱子考异前序中引五代彭晓的话说:“魏伯阳会稽上虞人……得古人《龙虎经》,尽获妙旨,乃约《周易》撰《参同契》三篇。”明杨升庵《古文参同契序》中说:“《参同契》为丹经之祖。”又引《悟真篇》中的话说:“叔通受学魏伯阳,留为万古丹经王。”在魏伯阳之先就有《龙虎经》流传于世,后经魏伯阳的实践与发挥,《龙虎经》便…     

Geisha of a different kind: Gay Asian men and the gendering of sexual identity

Much has been written about how gender, sexuality, and race are socially constructed. However, less common have been examinations of how these categories are constructed for, and influence, those who inhabit the margins of multiple categories. In this paper, I explore the various ways that gay Asian men have been portrayed in Western, particularly American, narratives and media images. Rather than simply experiencing oppression for being gay and again for being Asian, I argue that gay Asian men have experienced a unique set of social dilemmas because they are gay AND Asian. As such, I explore media images and popular narratives that have gendered Asian men in general and gay Asian men in particular to create a contextual basis for gay Asian male identity development. In doing so, I argue that much more than simply prescribing a gendered role for gay Asian men to “perform,” these constructions may have detrimental affects for gay Asian men’s sense of self-esteem, mental well-being, and physical health.