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221.
ABSTRACT— Many prominent models propose that self-control requires deliberative control of impulses. We propose that people's subjective mental construals of events can alter temptation impulses without requiring conscious deliberation. Research has indicated that high-level construals (subjective mental representations that capture the core, essential, and abstract features of events) lead to greater self-control than low-level construals (representations that capture secondary, incidental, and concrete features). We demonstrate that higher-level construals make it easier for people to associate temptations with negativity, as measured by the Implicit Association Test, and that, in turn, these construal-dependent changes in evaluative associations promote self-control. These findings indicate that subjective construals can influence self-control without conscious deliberation. 相似文献
222.
A recent debate in the language production literature concerns the influence of a word’s orthographic information on spoken
word production and the extent to which this influence is modulated by task context. In the present study, Mandarin Chinese
participants produced sets of words that shared orthography (O+P−), phonology (O−P+), or orthography and phonology (O+P+),
or were unrelated (O−P−), in the context of a reading, associative naming, or picture naming task. Shared phonology yielded
facilitation effects in all three tasks, but only in the reading task was this phonological effect modulated by shared orthography.
Shared orthography by itself (O+P−) revealed inhibitory effects in reading, but not in associative naming or in picture naming.
These results suggest that a word’s orthography information influences spoken word production only in tasks that rely heavily
on orthographic information. 相似文献
223.
This study constructed a multifactorial model predicting depression and anxiety symptoms among emerging adults, incorporating
broad constructs representing adult attachment style, perceived trauma, self-esteem, and irrational beliefs. In the final
structural equation model, attachment avoidance and perceived trauma demonstrated direct and indirect effects, whereas attachment
anxiety predicted depression only indirectly through low self-esteem or irrational beliefs, and chronic anxiety. Chronic anxiety
played a crucial role in linking low self-esteem and irrational beliefs to depression. The theoretical and clinical implications
of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
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226.
本实验探讨了3—6岁学前儿童的视、触大小知觉的发展规律及视、触不同感觉道在大小知觉中的相互作用。结果表明:无论哪一个年龄组的儿童均以“视—视”条件的大小知觉结果最优,其次是“触—触”条件的结果,而“视—触”及“触—视”的结果均较差。本文结果否定了认为交叉感觉道(“视—触”、“触—视”)对大小知觉的辨别与单一感觉道(“视—视”,“触—触”)没有差异的看法。实验结果还表明了,学前儿童的视、触大小知觉有其发展变化的特点。单一感觉道(视—视”,“触—触”)的大小知觉的准确性随着年龄的增长而提高;交叉(不同)感觉道(“视—触”,“触—视”)的大小知觉的准确性在5岁阶段为高峰期,6岁后便开始有所下降。 相似文献
227.
In this paper, arguments are presented for considering the subject as co-investigator in personality research. A review of current research methods suggests that personality psychology is well on its way to recognizing the individual as an expert on his or her own self and situation. This means that the subject should also be allowed to take a much more active role in psychological research. It is argued that the ideal methodology for accomplishing this integration of the individual into psychological research is to establish a dialogue between psychologist and subject, allowing each to contribute to the scientific process from his or her own perspective and on the basis of his or her own expertise. The present approach calls for greater emphasis on the organization and coherence of personality as a system, greater openness and sensitivity to the particular world of the individual, and an even more dynamic conception of individuality than is currently found in our field. An important implication of the open system approach advocated in this article, the reduced role of prediction in personality research, is discussed and, finally, a preliminary list of expected gains and losses is presented. 相似文献
228.
The representation of duckweed multiplying itself in a pond is used as a research paradigm to study underestimation of exponential growth. The advantage of this paradigm is that the growth process is presented in a direct non-numerical way. The results show that the underestimation observed in earlier studies where growth was presented by means of tables or graphs, occurs in the pond-and-duckweed situation as well. By manipulating the way the process is presented it is possible to obtain some insight into the sampling strategies used by the subjects when they subjectively extrapolate the perceived processes. These experiments lead to the conclusion that subjects base their extrapolations on three or four samples only. 相似文献
229.
这太可怕了,某人既是鹰又是普罗米修斯:集两者于一身,某人既撕裂自己又被人撕裂。——毕加索这不是偶然碰巧的,十九世纪声称在普罗米修斯身上多面地辨认出自己,但它以一种怪诞(grotesque)的变形来终结这个神话。安德雷·纪德(AndréGide)的《没有缚牢的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus misbound)于1899年凭空出世。借助一 相似文献
230.
The employment rate for mothers with young children has increased dramatically over the past 25 years. Estimating the effects of maternal employment on children's development is challenged by selection bias and the missing data endemic to most policy research. To address these issues, this study uses propensity score matching and multiple imputation. The authors compare outcomes across 4 maternal employment patterns: no work in first 3 years postbirth, work only after 1st year, part-time work in 1st year, and full-time work in 1st year. Our results demonstrate small but significant negative effects of maternal employment on children's cognitive outcomes for full-time employment in the 1st year postbirth as compared with employment postponed until after the 1st year. Multiple imputation yields noticeably different estimates as compared with a complete case approach for many measures. Differences between results from propensity score approaches and regression modeling are often minimal. 相似文献