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71.
Sacks JY McKendrick K Hamilton Z Cleland CM Pearson FS Banks S 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2008,26(4):413-434
This article describes a study that examined the relationship between multiple Axis I mental health diagnoses and treatment outcomes for female offenders in prison substance abuse treatment programs. Preliminary findings of the effectiveness of therapeutic community (TC) treatment, modified for female offenders, relative to a control cognitive behavioral treatment condition, are presented. The hypothesis--that participants who fit into multiple diagnostic categories have more dysfunctional symptoms and behaviors at baseline--was confirmed; however, a hypothesized relationship between the number of Axis I diagnoses and 6 month treatment outcomes across five domains (mental health, trauma exposure, substance use, HIV needle risk behaviors, and HIV sexual risk) was not supported. Across all Axis I mental health groups, TC treatment was significantly more effective than the control condition overall, as well as on measures of mental health symptoms and HIV sexual risk. These findings suggest that this TC treatment program, as modified, is an effective model for women with varied diagnoses and diagnostic complexities. 相似文献
72.
We examined the association between maternal psychological distress during offspring’s early development and offspring’s later
distress in adulthood, as well as the influence of maternal characteristics at offspring’s birth and offspring’s characteristics
in adulthood on distress. Data were obtained from the British Cohort Study, a longitudinal study of children born in a one-week
period in 1970. Children were followed up multiple times from birth through to age 30. Results indicate that greater symptoms
of maternal psychological distress during offspring’s early childhood are associated with greater symptoms of distress in
adult offspring. A large component of this association is indirect, occurring through mother’s distress in later childhood
and offspring’s problem behavior during adolescence. Findings that the association between maternal and offspring’s distress
is more indirect than direct support arguments that early maternal distress has long-term consequences for offspring. 相似文献
73.
The relationship between print exposure and measures of reading skill was examined in college students (N = 99, 58 female; mean age = 20.3 years). Print exposure was measured with several new self-reports of reading and writing habits, as well as updated versions of the Author Recognition Test and the Magazine Recognition Test (Stanovich & West, 1989). Participants completed a sentence comprehension task with syntactically complex sentences, and reading times and comprehension accuracy were measured. An additional measure of reading skill was provided by participants' scores on the verbal portions of the ACT, a standardized achievement test. Higher levels of print exposure were associated with higher sentence processing abilities and superior verbal ACT performance. The relative merits of different print exposure assessments are discussed. 相似文献
74.
Complex human behavior is organized around temporally distal outcomes. Behavioral studies based on tasks such as normal prehension, multi-step object use and imitation establish the existence of relative hierarchies of motor control. The retrieval errors in apraxia also support the notion of a hierarchical model for representing action in the brain. In this review, three functional brain imaging studies of action observation using the method of repetition suppression are used to identify a putative neural architecture that supports action understanding at the level of kinematics, object centered goals and ultimately, motor outcomes. These results, based on observation, may match a similar functional-anatomic hierarchy for action planning and execution. If this is true, then the findings support a functional-anatomic model that is distributed across a set of interconnected brain areas that are differentially recruited for different aspects of goal-oriented behavior, rather than a homogeneous mirror neuron system for organizing and understanding all behavior. 相似文献
75.
A key assumption in language comprehension is that biases in behavioral data, such as the tendency to interpretJohn said that Mary left yesterday to mean thatyesterday modifies the syntactically local verb left, not the distant verbsaid, reflect inherent biases in the language comprehension system. In the present article, an alternative production-distribution-comprehension
(PDC) account is pursued; this account states that comprehension biases emerge from different interpretation frequencies in
the language, which themselves emerge from pressures on the language production system to produce some structures more than
others. In two corpus analyses and two self-paced reading experiments, we investigated these claims for verb modification
ambiguities, for which phrase length is hypothesized to shape production. The results support claims that tendencies to produce
short phrases before long ones create distributional regularities for modification ambiguities in the language and that learning
over these regularities shapes comprehenders’ interpretations of modification ambiguities. Implications for the PDC and other
accounts are discussed. 相似文献
76.
Andy Hamilton 《Synthese》2009,171(3):409-417
In The Blue Book, Wittgenstein defined a category of uses of “I” which he termed “I”-as-subject, contrasting them with “I”-as-object uses. The hallmark of this category is immunity to error through misidentification (IEM). This article extends Wittgenstein’s characterisation to the case of memory-judgments, discusses the significance of IEM for self-consciousness—developing the idea that having a first-person thought involves thinking about oneself in a distinctive way in which one cannot think of anyone or anything else—and refutes a common objection to the claim that memory-judgments exhibit IEM. 相似文献
77.
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79.
Clifford L. Broman V. Lee Hamilton William S. Hoffman Roya Mavaddat 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(6):813-842
A three-wave panel study of auto plant closings focused on the mental health effects of unemployment on blue-collar workers.
This paper explores how the impact of long-term unemployment varies across race and gender. We also examine whether other
demographic factors can themselves modify the impactsof race and gender. Dependent variables include two measures of distress
and two drinking measures. Results showed that the effect of long-term unemployment on distress and drinking was more severe
among less educated workers, and responses of blacks were especially sensitive to level of education. In addition, men showed
a greater association of long-term unemployment with depression (and to some extent anxiety) than did women. Marriage affected
the responses of men but not of women, and of whites but not of blacks. Explanatory variables—the worker's experiences of
financial hardship, other negative life events, and lack of a confidant—largely accounted for male-female differences. We
conclude by discussing theoretical implications of these effects and address the limitations of the traditional term “vulnerability”
in describing them.
A prior version of this paper was presented at the North Central Sociological Association meeting in Dearborn, Michigan, April
25, 1991. Funds for the research were provided by the Michigan Health Care Research and Education Foundation and by the International
Union-UAW. We are especially grateful to the men and women of the UAW, whose experiences and views form this investigation.
We thank Kiseon Chung, Scott McKearney, David Rauma, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts. 相似文献
80.
D L Hamilton P D Grubb D A Acorn T K Trolier S Carpenter 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1990,59(5):891-898
This research compared the processing and retrieval of attribution-relevant information when the attributional inference is easy or difficult to make. Subjects attributed behavioral events to the person or to the situation, based on several items of context information. Each context sentence implied either the person or the entity as causal agent. When the attributional inference was difficult to make (an equal number of context sentences implied actor and entity as the causal agent), subjects recalled more of the behavioral events, recalled more context sentences, and were less confident in their attributions than when the attributional inference was easy to make (most context sentences implied the same causal agent). Subjects also recalled context information that was implicationally incongruent with the majority of the other context sentences with a higher probability than when that same information was implicationally congruent. 相似文献