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OBJECTIVE: Previous research (Webb, Simmons, & Brandon, 2005) suggested that smokers' reactions to self-help materials were more positive if they believed that the materials had been personally tailored to their individual characteristics and if they held expectancies that tailored interventions are superior to standard, or generic, interventions. The authors' objective in the current study was to replicate and extend this research by testing the efficacy expectancy priming before intervention delivery. DESIGN: In a 2 x 2 factorial experiment, 210 smokers (M = 23 cigarettes/day) recruited from the community (62% female; 92% Caucasian; mean age = 49) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: placebo-tailored intervention/no priming, placebo-tailored intervention/priming, standard intervention/no priming, or standard intervention/priming. The tailoring-related expectancies of participants' in the priming conditions were primed before they were presented with the respective intervention booklets. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Content evaluations, readiness to quit smoking, cessation self-efficacy, smoking-related knowledge, and progress toward quitting (behavior changes). Assessments occurred by mail at baseline and at 1-month postintervention. RESULTS: Similar to the earlier study, the placebo-tailored booklets produced superior evaluations and smoking-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Moreover, the pretreatment expectancy priming successfully altered participants' tailoring-related expectancies and also produced superior evaluations and outcomes. CONCLUSION: Findings support a causal role of tailoring-related expectancies on the efficacy of tailored interventions and suggest that interventions can be enhanced via expectancy priming. 相似文献
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Abramovitz Mimi Stewart Abigail J. Brooks Teri M. Osowiecki Dana M. Descamps Monica J. 《Sex roles》1994,31(9-10):617-620
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Robert J. Storella Harrison W. Wood Kenneth M. Mills Jørgen K. Kanters Michael V. Højgaard Niels-Henrik Holstein-Rathlou 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1998,33(4):315-320
The contribution of nonlinear dynamics to heart rate variability in healthy humans was examined using surrogate data analysis.
Several measures of heart rate variability were used and compared. Heart rates were recorded for three hours and original
data sets of 8192 R-R intervals created. For each original data set (n=34), three surrogate data sets were made by shuffling
the order of the R-R intervals while retaining their linear correlations. The difference in heart rate variability between
the original and surrogate data sets reflects the amount of nonlinear structure in the original data set. Heart rate variability
was analyzed by two different nonlinear methods, point correlation dimension and approximate entropy. Nonlinearity, though
under 10 percent, could be detected with both types of heart rate variability measures. More importantly, not only were the
correlations between these measures and the standard deviation of the R-R intervals weak, the correlation among the nonlinear
measures themselves was also weak (generally less than 0.6). This suggests that in addition to standard linear measures of
heart rate variability, the use of multiple nonlinear measures of heart rate variability might be useful in monitoring heart
rate dynamics. 相似文献
138.
Does retrieval intentionality really matter? Similarities and differences between involuntary memories and directly and generatively retrieved voluntary memories
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Krystian Barzykowski Søren Risløv Staugaard 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2016,107(3):519-536
Theories of autobiographical memory distinguish between involuntary and voluntary retrieval as a consequence of conscious intention (i.e., wanting to remember). Another distinction can be made between direct and generative retrieval, which reflects the effort involved (i.e., trying to remember). However, it is unclear how intention and effort interacts. For example, involuntary memories and directly retrieved memories have been used interchangeably in the literature to refer to the same phenomenon of effortless, non‐strategic retrieval. More recent theoretical advances suggest that they are separate types of retrieval, one unintentional (involuntary), another intentional and effortless (direct voluntary retrieval), and a third intentional and effortful (generative voluntary retrieval). Whether this also entails differing phenomenological characteristics, such as vividness, rehearsal, or emotional valence, has not been previously investigated. In the current study, participants reported memories in an experimental paradigm designed to elicit voluntary and involuntary memories and rated them on a number of characteristics. If intention affects the retrieval process, then we should expect differences between the characteristics of involuntary and directly retrieved memories. The results imply that retrieval intention seems to differentiate how a memory appears in a person's mind. Furthermore, we argue that these differences in part could result from differences in encoding and consolidation. 相似文献
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John A. Rønning Hans Petter Fundingsrud Arild Leknessund Bjørn Helge Handegård 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2016,57(6):509-515
The purpose of this study is to estimate the percentage of mental health problems in a pediatric outpatient Norwegian clinic. We used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to screen for mental health problems. Families of children aged 4–11 took part in the study, and 380 out of 982 possible families consented to take part, and 349 families contributed with questionnaire data. The main referral reasons for the patients were asthma, eneuresis and stomach pain. Mothers reported that 17.4% of boys and 17.8% of girls displayed mental clinical problems. The prevalence of problems did not differ significantly between somatic diagnostic groups. Although the study has low participation, it underlines the necessity of screening all pediatric patients for mental health problems. Future research in pediatric clinics should include factors of psychology because pediatric problems are not caused by somatics alone. 相似文献
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A comparison of coping strategies in patients with fibromyalgia,chronic neuropathic pain,and pain‐free controls
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Sidsel Baastrup Rikke Schultz Inger Brødsgaard Rod Moore Troels S. Jensen Lene Vase Toft Flemming W. Bach Raben Rosenberg Lise Gormsen 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2016,57(6):516-522
Patients suffering from chronic pain may benefit from learning adaptive coping strategies. Consensus on efficient strategies for this group of patients is, however, lacking, and previous studies have shown inconsistent results. The present study has examined coping strategies in two distinctly different groups of chronic pain patients and a group of healthy controls. Thirty neuropathic pain (NP) patients, 28 fibromyalgia (FM) patients, and 26 pain‐free healthy controls completed the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (CSQ‐48/27) and rated their daily pain. The results showed that FM and NP patients did not cope differently with pain. The only difference between the groups was that FM patients felt more in control of their pain than NP patients. Both patient groups used more maladaptive/passive coping strategies, but surprisingly also more adaptive/active coping strategies than healthy controls. However, FM patients with high levels of passive strategies felt less in control than FM patients with low levels of passive strategies. This was not seen in NP patients. An important implication for clinical practice is therefore that passive coping strategies should be restructured into active ones, especially for FM patients. Otherwise, the same psychological treatment model can be applied to both groups since they use similar coping styles. 相似文献