Journal of Counseling & Development Publication Patterns: Author and Article Characteristics From 1994 to 2009

Publication patterns of articles in the Journal of Counseling & Development from 1994 to 2009 were reviewed. Trends over time were analyzed in article content (e.g., type, content topic) and author demographic characteristics (i.e., gender, nation of domicile, and employment setting). Of particular interest because of the scientific underpinnings of the counseling profession, research articles were analyzed specifically for type of research approach, classification, methodology, sample, sample size, and statistics used.     

Mediators and Moderators of the Relation between Parental ADHD Symptomatology and the Early Development of Child ADHD and ODD Symptoms

The present study examined mediators and moderators of the relation between parental ADHD symptomatology and the development of child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms across the preschool years. Participants included 258 (138 boys) 3-year-old children (M = 44.13 months, SD = 3.39) with and without behavior problems and their parents who took part in a 3-year longitudinal study. Maternal ADHD symptoms predicted later ADHD symptoms in children, controlling for early child symptomatology. Both family history of ADHD and paternal comorbid psychopathology predicted later child ADHD and ODD symptoms, but they did not account for the association between maternal and child ADHD symptoms. Although paternal ADHD symptoms were associated with age 3 child ADHD symptoms, they did not significantly predict later child ADHD symptoms controlling for early symptomatology. Family adversity moderated the relation between maternal ADHD and child ADHD symptoms, such that the relation between maternal and child ADHD symptoms was stronger for families with less adversity. Maternal overreactive parenting mediated the relation between maternal ADHD symptoms and later child ADHD and ODD symptoms. Our findings suggest that targeting paternal comorbid psychopathology and maternal parenting holds promise for attenuating the effects of parental ADHD on children’s ADHD.     

Assent and Dissent: Ethical Considerations in Research With Toddlers

In accordance with ethical principles and standards, researchers conducting studies with children are expected to seek assent and respect their dissent from participation. Little attention has been given to assent and dissent in research with toddlers, who have limited cognitive and emotional capabilities. We discuss research with toddlers in the context of assent and dissent and propose guidelines to ensure that research with toddlers still adheres to ethical principles. These guidelines include designing engaging studies, monitoring refusal and distress, and partnering with parents. Research with toddlers requires flexibility and creativity to respect toddlers in the context of their developmental capabilities.     

Who Is This God of Whom You Speak? Counseling Students' Concept of God

Many clients bring a belief in God or a Higher Power into counseling sessions. What is less clear, however, is how counselors conceptualize “god,” which may affect how spirituality is integrated in the counseling process. To explore this question, the authors conducted a concept map study of god images among counseling students. Results suggest that students harbor broad and diverse conceptualizations of god, which may affect the counseling process.     

Ein Versuch zur Messung richtungsspezifischer Aktivierung

Zusammenfassung 45 Schülerinnen hatten im Einzelversuch eine vorgeschriebene einfache Bewegung auszuführen, während sie sich ein zuvor projiziertes Lichtbild vorzustellen versuchten. Die Vpn achteten dabei auf ihre Vorstellungen, weil sie von Veränderungen an ihnen berichten sollten; der Vl aber achtete auf die Extension ihrer Bewegungen, die er heimlich registrierte.Je 15 Vpn hatten eine Vorwärts-, eine Armöffnungs- und eine Rückwärtsbewegung auszuführen. Für jede Versuchsgruppe wurden fünf valenzpositive und fünf valenznegative Bilder projiziert.Erwartungsgemäß variierte die Extension bei der Vorwärts- und Armöffnungsbewegung in Abhängigkeit vom Valenzvorzeichen der projizierten Bilder: sie fiel größer aus bei positiven und geringer bei negativen Bildern. Ein zusätzlicher Versuch, bei dem auch valenzneutrale Bilder dargeboten wurden, bestätigte die Vermutung, daß bei positiver Valenz Bewegungsverstärkungen und bei negativer Valenz Bewegungshemmungen vorliegen.Bei der Rückwärtsbewegung wurden größere Extensionen bei negativen und geringere bei positiven Bildern erwartet. Dieser Zusammenhang konnte jedoch nicht festgestellt werden.Die Befunde werden als Auswirkung richtungsspezifischer Aktivierungen interpretiert, die weder willkürgesteuert noch bemerkt werden. Die Phänomene werden für ausdruckspsychologisch relevant gehalten.

---

Summary 45 female highschool students, tested singly, were asked to perform a simple movement while trying to have an image of a picture presented shortly before. Ss watched their images because they had to report on any change with them, while E secretely watched Ss' movements in order to measure their extension.There were three movement patterns: an approach-movement, an armspreading -movement and a retreat-movement each performed by 15 Ss. Half of the pictures were of positive valence, the other half of negative valence for the Ss.The extensions of the approach- and arm-spreading-movement varied, as expected, with the valence sign of the pictures: the extension was greater with positive and shorter with negative pictures. An additional experiment showed that the extension of movements following neutral pictures lies in between. The retreat-movement, however, did not come out as predicted.The results are interpreted as manifestations of directional activation. They are regarded as relevant for a theory of expressive movements.

     

Exploitation and the Vulnerability Clause

What conditions of vulnerability must an individual face in order that we might ever correctly say that she or he has been wrongfully exploited? Mikhail Valdman has recently argued that wrongful exploitation is the extraction of excessive benefits from someone who cannot reasonably refuse one’s offer. So, ‘being unable to reasonably refuse an offer’ is Valdman’s answer to this question. I will argue that this answer is too narrow, but that other competing answers, like Alan Wertheimer’s, are too broad. I propose a new answer, a “vulnerability clause” to partially comprise a theory of wrongful exploitation. In so doing, I appeal to Marilyn Frye’s account of oppression and take guidance from her inclusion and exclusion criteria.     

Kategorien der Personwahrnehmung und ihre kulturelle Bedingtheit

Summary This research was undertaken in order to find out (1) whether the socio-cultural background of S has any influence on how he perceives and judges other people, (2) whether the thematic emphasis of his judgments mirrors the culturally determined aspects of his personality. Specifically, it was intended, by analyzing the social judgments of a group of Thai Ss, to gain information on the nearly unexplored characteristics of their personality as compared with a German group of Ss which served as a match.40 students of the College of Education in Bangkok were presented a list of 32 pairs of words (a noun and an adjective). Ss were instructed to take these word-pairs as metaphors serving to characterize people and to reinterpret them in concrete, non-metaphorical terms of personality characteristics. The same procedure was administered with a comparable group of 42 German students.The responses of the Ss were classified and the frequency of occurence of each category of response determined for each S. A comparison of the frequency of occurence of the responses between the Thai and German group yielded significant differences in a great number of response categories. The first hypothesis was thus confirmed.The categories of responses in which significant differences were obtained were grouped into clusters in order to reduce the multiplicity of differences to a limited number of underlying trends. These trends were found to reflect basic differences of the cultural values between the Thai and German, and, more generally, between the Asian and Western people.     

Ein differentialmethodischer Versuch zum Intelligenzproblem

Ohne ZusammenfassungDie Arbeit hätte nicht durchgeführt werden können ohne Hilfe durch andere: die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft gewährte den wesentlichen Anteil an finanzieller Unterstützung. Frau Dipl.-Psych. Helga Biermann und Fräulein Dipl.Psych. Helga Böttcher haben sich als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterinnen bei der Planung, Durchführung und Auswertung der Versuche sehr verdient gemacht. Bei der Datenaufbereitung waren unermüdlich und zuverlässig tätig: Fräulein Gabriele Block, Fräulein Jutta von Hatzfeld, Fräulein Ursula Siry, Fräulein Elsbe Ziessler und Herr Theo Mooren. Bei der Datenanalyse am Institut für angewandte Physik an der Universität Münster hat Herr Dipl.-Psych. Dieter Langheinrich mit manch schnellem Rat und mit noch schnelleren Rechenprogrammen ausgeholfen. Allen sei herzlich gedankt.