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871.
Simon S. K. Lam John Schaubroeck Andrew D. Brown 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2004,94(2):86-101
Across 48 experimental groups, those that scored higher on group self-esteem attributed perceived positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors. Groups provided more elaborate rationalizations about perceived negative outcomes and less elaborate rationalizations about perceived positive outcomes. They also espoused greater confidence in improved performance after negative outcomes and less confidence following positive outcomes. Similar findings were observed among 252 intact work groups in an employment setting. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding how group self-esteem influences how groups evaluate and respond to performance feedback. 相似文献
872.
The present study examines the antecedents of burnout and job satisfaction among counselors employed in workplace settings. Workplace counselors face the unique demands of managing dual client relationships (individual and organization) within the counseling setting. Antecedents of the job‐related outcomes of burnout and satisfaction are likely to vary from other counseling settings as a function of these unique demands. Survey results from 82 workplace counselors indicated that role conflict was a significant predictor of the experience of burnout and that intrinsic job satisfaction was significantly predicted by the counselors' perceptions of job challenge, as well as by the level of organizational knowledge. 相似文献
873.
874.
Estimates of national population were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, Canadian and Chinese undergraduates rated their knowledge of 112 countries and then estimated the population of each. In Experiment 2, Canadians rated their knowledge of 52 countries and then provided population estimates for these primed countries and for a comparable set of 52 unprimed countries. In Experiment 1, participants from both nations produced estimates that resembled those obtained from Americans in prior studies (Brown and Siegler, 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 2001 ). However, there were several reliable cross‐national differences in performance which appear to reflect cross‐cultural differences in task‐relevant naive domain knowledge. In addition, both experiments produced findings consistent with the claim that availability‐based intuitions play an important role in this task. In Experiment 1, cross‐national differences in rated knowledge predicted cross‐national differences in estimated population; in Experiment 2, primed country names elicited larger population estimates than unprimed country names. We conclude by arguing for the general utility of this hybrid approach to real‐world estimation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
875.
Making Group Brainstorming More Effective: Recommendations From an Associative Memory Perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Much literature on group brainstorming has found it to be less effective than individual brainstorming. However, a cognitive perspective suggests that group brainstorming could be an effective technique for generating creative ideas. Computer simulations of an associative memory model of idea generation in groups suggest that groups have the potential to generate ideas that individuals brainstorming alone are less likely to generate. Exchanging ideas by means of writing or computers, alternating solitary and group brainstorming, and using heterogeneous groups appear to be useful approaches for enhancing group brainstorming. 相似文献
876.
The primary aim of this study was to examine the prospective association of shame with self-inflicted injury (SII), including suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury, among women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) who were enrolled in a clinical trial (N = 77). A multi-method approach was used to assess self-reported shame, nonverbal shame behaviors, and assessor ratings of shame during an interview regarding antecedents for a recent episode of SII. Higher levels of nonverbal shame behaviors predicted a higher likelihood of subsequent SII, and shorter time to SII, after controlling for past SII as well as other emotions associated with SII. Self-reported state shame and assessor ratings of shame were associated with prospective SII, but not after controlling for other emotions. These findings underscore the important role of shame in SII, particularly shame in the presence of contextual prompts for events that surround episodes of SII. 相似文献
877.
Ellen S. Cohn Erin C. Dupuis Tiffany M. Brown 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(7):1513-1535
Acquaintance rape attributions of responsibility were investigated. In Study 1, participants viewed videotapes that varied the female victim's resistance (verbal, physical, verbal/physical) and the reaction of the perpetrator (anger, no reaction) or a control videotape. The victim was held less responsible and the perpetrator was held more responsible when the victim resisted. In Study 2, participants viewed videotapes that manipulated victim and perpetrator reputation. Victims were held more responsible when they had a bad reputation; perpetrators were held more responsible when the victim had a good reputation or the perpetrator had a bad reputation. Hostile sexism predicted victim responsibility in both studies; rape myth predicted victim and perpetrator responsibility in Study 2. Implications for the legal system are discussed. 相似文献
878.
Hanna Zagefka Rupert Brown Roberto González 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(4):558-575
Two longitudinal survey studies were conducted with non‐indigenous majority Chilean participants (Ns = 755 cross‐sectional, 198 longitudinal in study 1; 390 cross‐sectional, 333 longitudinal in study 2). In contrast to most previous research, the longitudinal design allowed to test directly the hypothesised causal direction of effects. There were two broad research questions. Firstly, what is the relationship between acculturation preferences of non‐indigenous majority members and negative affect towards the indigenous Mapuche? More specifically, does a preference for integration lead to less negative affect than a preference for assimilation, separation or marginalisation? Related to this, do the dimensions of culture maintenance and contact taken singly predict negative affect and/or vice versa? Secondly, does knowledge about the Mapuche causally and indirectly influence acculturation preferences, partially mediated by sympathy with the Mapuche? Results confirmed that knowledge influenced acculturation preferences, and that sympathy was a partial mediator. Acculturation preferences, in turn, influenced negative affect. The contact dimension underlying the categorical acculturation strategies was a predictor of outcomes, while the culture maintenance dimension was not. Implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
879.
How do people report the contents of short-term memory when information about order must be retained but items can be retrieved in any order? We report an experiment using an unconstrained reconstruction task in which people can report list items in any order but must place them in their correct serial positions. We found (1) a tendency to report recent items first in immediate but not in delayed reconstruction, (2) a tendency to recall temporally isolated items first, (3) a preference for forward recall order, and (4) a preference for output orders that minimize the length of the path that must be traversed through memory space during retrieval. The results constrain most current models of short-term memory in which retrieval is ballistic and is assumed to run to completion autonomously once initiated. 相似文献
880.
Louis D. Brown 《American journal of community psychology》2009,43(3-4):177-188
The goal of this study is to develop a more comprehensive theoretical understanding of the processes by which people can benefit from mental health consumer-run organizations (CROs). To accomplish this goal, the concept of roles is used to create a preliminary framework that draws connections between several established theoretical explanations. To ground theory development in empirical data, 194 CRO members from 20 CROs answered open-ended questions about what personal changes occurred as a result of their CRO involvement and what CRO participation experiences enabled personal change. Data analysis led to the identification of 18 personal change categories and 7 experiences that led to change. These categories were integrated into the preliminary theoretical framework, which needed to be extended to accommodate all categories. While inevitably tentative, the final conceptualization provides a more comprehensive understanding of the processes by which people can benefit from CRO participation. 相似文献