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151.
Twenty-four subjects viewed cards containing four words. In synonym orienting, half of the cards contained a synonym pair and half did not; in homophone orienting, half of the displays contained a homophone pair. The remaining two words in each display were used to index retention. During presentation of displays, subjects responded “yes” or “no” to indicate the presence or absence of a matching pair. Following presentation, a recognition test was administered. Half the items were tested early and half were tested late; within each test order, half the items appeared with context cues during testing and half appeared without. Results showed superior recognition (1) following semantic orienting, (2) for items tested early, (3) for items tested with context, and (4) for nonmatch displays requiring exhaustive item comparison. An Orienting by Test Cuing interaction showed that the presence of test cues improved recognition for homophone orienting items only. The interaction may have resulted from the lack of cuetarget associations and the reinstatement of the phonemic orienting set during the test. 相似文献
152.
153.
This comment is submitted with the intent of stimulating some exchange between researchers. Although I chose the Woodward et al. study as a vehicle for my statement, I might easily have chosen examples outside the family therapy area. 相似文献
154.
155.
The wraparound process is emerging as an alternative to the traditional treatment planning processes inherent in categorical services for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. We describe the current practices which have been developed in the field. Key elements of the value and philosophical base for the wraparound process are discussed. Proposed procedural steps are described to aid communities in the implementation of the wraparound process. Due to social and policy pressures, it is likely that wraparound process implementations will continue to develop. 相似文献
156.
N G Hale 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》1979,15(2):135-141
Freud's vision of a unified theory of the neuroses has foundered on lack of agreed methods for settling scientific disputes in the field of psychotherapy. Clashes in professional styles and formation of self-validating sub groups have been the dominant trend, exemplified by the founding of psychoanalytic organizations. 相似文献
157.
The effects of auditory and visual distractors on children's performance in a short-term memory task
Five- and 8-year-old children's performance in a short-term memory task was assessed under two auditory and two visual distraction conditions, as well as with no extraneous stimuli present. Performance under distraction was found to be inferior to that under nondistraction, but the degree of difference was roughly the same at ages 5 and 8, indicating little developmental change in the effects of distraction over this age range. Other findings included differences in the effectiveness of the distractors used and evidence that the children adapted somewhat to the influence of extraneous stimulation. 相似文献
158.
This article introduces a non-human version of the non-identity problem and suggests that such a variation exposes weaknesses in several proposed person-focused solutions to the classic version of the problem. It suggests first that person-affecting solutions fail when applied to non-human animals and, second, that many common moral arguments against climate change should be called into question. We argue that a more inclusive version of the person-affecting principle, which we call the ‘patient-affecting principle’, captures more accurately the moral challenge posed by the non-identity problem. We argue further that the failure of person-affecting solutions to solve non-human versions of the problem lend support to impersonal solutions to the problem which avoid issues of personhood or species identity. Finally, we conclude that some environmental arguments against climate change that rely on the notion of personal harm should be recast in impersonal terms. 相似文献
159.
Lowry CA Hale MW Plant A Windle RJ Shanks N Wood SA Ingram CD Renner KJ Lightman SL Summers CH 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,12(3):225-239
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a potent neuromodulator of stress-related behaviour but the neural mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear. Studies were designed to test the hypothesis that CRF-induced behavioural arousal involves interactions with brainstem serotonergic systems. To examine interactions between CRF and serotonergic systems in the regulation of behaviour, CRF (1 microg, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)) or vehicle was infused in the presence or absence of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor fluoxetine (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg, intravenous (i.v.)). Fluoxetine was used at these doses because it is known to decrease serotonin cell firing rates while increasing extracellular serotonin concentrations in select forebrain regions. We then measured behavioural, neurochemical and endocrine responses. CRF increased locomotion and spontaneous non-ambulatory motor activity (SNAMA) in the home cages. Fluoxetine decreased tissue 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations, a measure of serotonin metabolism, in specific limbic brain regions of CRF-treated rats (nucleus accumbens shell region, entorhinal cortex, central nucleus of the amygdala). Furthermore, fluoxetine inhibited CRF-induced SNAMA. CRF and fluoxetine independently increased plasma corticosterone concentrations, but the responses had distinct temporal profiles. Overall, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that CRF-induced facilitation of behavioural activity is dependent on brainstem serotonergic systems. Therefore, fluoxetine may attenuate or alleviate some behavioural responses to stress by interfering with CRF-induced responses. 相似文献
160.
An a priori test of the difference engine model (Myerson, Hale, Zheng, Jenkins, & Widaman, 2003) was conducted using a large,
diverse sample of individuals who performed three speeded verbal tasks and three speeded visuospatial tasks. Results demonstrated
that, as predicted by the model, the group standard deviation (SD) on any task was proportional to the amount of processing
required by that task. Both individual performances as well as those of fast and slow subgroups could be accurately predicted
by the model using no free parameters, just an individual or subgroup’s mean z-score and the values of theoretical constructs
estimated from fits to the group SDs. Taken together, these results are consistent with post hoc analyses reported by Myerson
et al. and provide even stronger supporting evidence. In particular, the ability to make quantitative predictions without
using any free parameters provides the clearest demonstration to date of the power of an analytic approach on the basis of
the difference engine. 相似文献