Negational categorization and intergroup behavior

Individuals define themselves, at times, as who they are (e.g., a psychologist) and, at other times, as who they are not (e.g., not an economist). Drawing on social identity, optimal distinctiveness, and balance theories, four studies examined the nature of negational identity relative to affirmational identity. One study explored the conditions that increase negational identification and found that activating the need for distinctiveness increased the accessibility of negational identities. Three additional studies revealed that negational categorization increased outgroup derogation relative to affirmational categorization and the authors argue that this effect is at least partially due to a focus on contrasting the self from the outgroup under negational categorization. Consistent with this argument, outgroup derogation following negational categorization was mitigated when connections to similar others were highlighted. By distinguishing negational identity from affirmational identity, a more complete picture of collective identity and intergroup behavior can start to emerge.     

The merits of unconscious thought in creativity

Research has yielded weak empirical support for the idea that creative solutions may be discovered through unconscious thought, despite anecdotes to this effect. To understand this gap, we examined the effect of unconscious thought on two outcomes of a remote-association test (RAT): implicit accessibility and conscious reporting of answers. In Experiment 1, which used very difficult RAT items, a short period of unconscious thought (i.e., participants were distracted while holding the goal of solving the RAT items) increased the accessibility of RAT answers, but did not increase the number of correct answers compared with an equal duration of conscious thought or mere distraction. In Experiment 2, which used moderately difficult RAT items, unconscious thought led to a similar level of accessibility, but fewer correct answers, compared with conscious thought. These findings confirm and extend unconscious-thought theory by demonstrating that processes that increase the mental activation of correct solutions do not necessarily lead them into consciousness.     

现代性是如何生成的——马克思和韦伯的视角

与非西方国家现代化的外源性不同,西方现代化的内生性决定了其现代性的生成性.马克思认为中世纪晚期西欧低地国家(Niederland)的城市自治运动为资本这一现代性的动力来源创造了初始条件,韦伯则主张新教伦理是西欧现代化的根源.不过,在现代性的理性化特征及其与传统的"断裂"方面,韦伯的观点与马克思并无二致.马克思的唯物史观为我们分析西方现代化的初始条件与动力来源提供了宏观的分析框架;而韦伯的理解社会学理论揭开了隐藏在制度背后的精神力量,使人们得以全面地认识现代性.     

发展伦理与文化态度:哈维兰文化人类学的发展伦理学意蕴

与不同学科进行对话,是深化发展伦理研究的重要路径.哈维兰的文化人类学对发展伦理学的深层化具有重要意义,在"文化态度"这个层面,表现在两个层面:其一,其所倡导的文化批判、文化反省意识、文化自觉精神,有助于发展伦理学文化态度的自觉化;其二,作为其方法论支撑的"文化相对论"所存在的深层问题,有助于人们辩证确认发展伦理学的基本文化态度.     

Leader-member exchange and member performance: a new look at individual-level negative feedback-seeking behavior and team-level empowerment climate

From a basis in social exchange theory, the authors investigated whether, and how, negative feedback-seeking behavior and a team empowerment climate affect the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and member performance. Results showed that subordinates' negative feedback-seeking behavior mediated the relationship between LMX and both objective and subjective in-role performance. In addition, the level of a team's empowerment climate was positively related to subordinates' own sense of empowerment, which in turn negatively moderated the effects of LMX on negative feedback-seeking behavior.     

智商常态人群的智力个体差异研究述评

智力功能个体差异星正态分布有不同观点：g因素决定特殊能力分化程度差异论、因素搭配差异论;单一认知机能、认知机能系统中的一个或者几个认知机能缺陷影响智力功能差异论;认知发展理论的要素功能大小和要素关联关系强弱、结构差异论;文化活动结构差异和遗传进化的神经效率差异论;神经活动特性水平和神经活动区域效率差异、人格中介情景任务和人     

宁夏青少年个性发展研究

采用《青少年心理健康素质调查表——个性分量表》对宁夏回族自治区2880名学生进行测查。经验证性因素分析（CFA）和方差分析（ANOVA）。结果表明：（1）个性分量表具有良好的结构,个性各维度信度较低。但总的个性分量表信度较高;（2）不同民族在坚持、自制、内外倾、开放和耐挫折五个个性维度方面差异显著,而在乐观悲观、责任、冒险、独立四个个性维度差异不明疆,个性特征在不同民族青少年之闽既存在明显的差异性也有一定程度的相似性;（3）对于不同的个性维度和不同的性别,民族对个性发展过程的影响是不同的。     

中国心理健康服务从业者的职业压力现状及影响因素

本研究目的是考察心理健康从业者的压力现状及其影响因素。769名来自全国20个省份的心理健康从业者填写了研究者自编的有93个多项选择题和填空题的问卷,其中2个从本问卷中抽取的5点量表具有可接受的心理测量学指标。主因素分析表明,心理健康从业者的职业压力可分为三类:专业能力不足、缺乏单位支持、工作负担过重。回归分析表明:影响职业压力的非专业因素有:年龄,性别,教育水平,全职或兼职,场所是否专用,以及每周咨询的小时数。在专业因素中,督导和培训能显著地缓解心理健康从业者的职业压力。治疗中的困难情况会显著地引发心理健康从业者的职业压力。     

国内六大区心理治疗和咨询管理状况的调查

本研究的主要目的是考察国内目前心理治疗和咨询管理方面的地区差异,并做出比较 .本研究采用自编的调查表对包括全国29个省、市、自治区的1543名被试进行了调查.按照行政区域分为华北、东北、华东、中南、西南和西北六个地区对调查所得结果进行统计分析 .结果发现各地区发展确实存在不均衡的情况,其中华北、华东地区专业水平较高,各种培训和机构的管理规范比较完善;而西北地区则相对比较落后,体现在专业机构要求不高,以及机构规范欠缺等方面.     

言语产生中汉语词类信息的加工进程

采用视觉呈现干扰词的图片一词干扰实验范式,探讨产生不同语法结构时言语产生汉语词类信息的加工进程.3个实验分别考察了以单字词、名词短语和简单陈述句命名图片时词类信息的加工,结果发现:三个实验中都存在不同词类干扰的不一致,名词干扰比非名词干扰更强烈;语义加工与语法特征加工存在重叠的时间窗,研究结果支持言语产生的交互激活理论.